Biology I H - Chapter 3

Front 1

the study of how chemical reactions help to maintain normal functioning of a living thing

Back 1

Biochemistry

Front 2

The chemical reactions of all living things take place in an _______ environment

Back 2

aqueous

Front 3

The human body is composed of __% water

Back 3

65

Front 4

Most of water’s biological functions stem from its ________ _________

Back 4

chemical structure

Front 5

In a water molecule, the 2 H atoms share electrons with the 1 oxygen atom, forming a ________ ____

Back 5

covalent bond

Front 6

The chemistry of life includes _____ _________ (high water content in cells) and _______ _________ (carbon)

Back 6

water chemistry; organic chemistry

Front 7

Life on earth is ______ based

Back 7

carbon

Front 8

The large molecules that are found in cells all contain ______

Back 8

carbon

Front 9

a compound that contains C bonded with other C atoms or atoms of other elements

Back 9

organic compound

Front 10

An inorganic compound does not have ______

Back 10

carbon

Front 11

Carbon has the ability to form _ covalent bonds with other atoms

Back 11

4

Front 12

Carbon would have to gain or lose 4 electrons to become an ___

Back 12

ion

Front 13

There are 4 main classes of organic compounds essential to maintaining life:

Back 13

- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids

Front 14

Carbohydrates are ______

Back 14

sugars

Front 15

All sugars contain _, _, and _

Back 15

C, H, and O

Front 16

Sugars are responsible for providing living things with ______ and __________ _______

Back 16

energy and structural support

Front 17

simple sugar, short term energy

Back 17

Monosaccharides

Front 18

2 monosaccharides bonded together

Back 18

Disaccharides

Front 19

3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

Back 19

Polysaccharides

Front 20

Monosaccharides are needed for ____ ___________ and ______________

Back 20

cell respiration and photosynthesis

Front 21

Monosaccharodes have _ forms, _______, ________, and ________; all have the formula _______

Back 21

3; glucose, fructose, and galactose; C6 H12 O6

Front 22

Monosaccharides are _______

Back 22

isomers

Front 23

The most common disaccharide is _______

Back 23

sucrose

Front 24

Sucrose is formed by the bonding of _______ and ________

Back 24

glucose and fructose

Front 25

Animals store glucose in the form of polysaccharides called ________

Back 25

glycogen

Front 26

________ is stored in muscles & in the liver for long term energy

Back 26

Glycogen

Front 27

Another example of a polysaccharide is _________

Back 27

cellulose

Front 28

_________ is found in the cell wall of plants and provides support

Back 28

cellulose

Front 29

People cannot digest cellulose, so it leaves the body as _____

Back 29

fiber

Front 30

Plant cells link glucose to form a polysaccharide, ______

Back 30

starch

Front 31

Starches are found in _______, _____, ____, _____, ____, and ________

Back 31

carrots, beets, rice, wheat, corn, potatoes

Front 32

organic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O, & N

Back 32

Proteins

Front 33

Found in the skin and muscles of animals

Back 33

Proteins

Front 34

Act as catalysts in plants and animals

Back 34

Proteins

Front 35

__ _____ _____ serve as the building blocks of proteins

Back 35

20 amino acids

Front 36

Each amino acid has a central _ atom covalently bonded to a _ atom, a ________ _____ (COOH), an _____ _____ (NH2), and a __________ _ _____

Back 36

C; H; carboxyl group; amino group; functional R group

Front 37

Proteins are chains of amino acids that function ____________ or _____________

Back 37

structurally or enzymatically

Front 38

The R group varies among the different acids. The differences give the proteins different ______ and _____

Back 38

shapes and roles

Front 39

Protein shapes are also influenced by _______ _____ _____ _____

Back 39

bonding among amino acids

Front 40

2 amino acids

Back 40

dipeptide

Front 41

more than 2 amino acids

Back 41

polypeptide

Front 42

Shapes are affected by ___________ and _______

Back 42

temperature and solvent

Front 43

proteins that function as catalysts

Back 43

Enzymes

Front 44

Reactions depend upon a ________ ___ between the ______ and the _________

Back 44

physical fit; enzyme and the substrate

Front 45

Enzyme and substrate lock together. Enzyme weakens bonds in substrate. Products produced. Enzymes is unchanged and is used again.

Back 45

Lock and key

Front 46

Enzymes lose effectiveness in _______ __________

Back 46

adverse conditions

Front 47

large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water

Back 47

Lipids

Front 48

Lipids contain _, _, and _

Back 48

C, H, and O

Front 49

Lipids store ______

Back 49

energy

Front 50

Fatty acids are __________ ______ ______ that make up most lipids

Back 50

unbranched carbon chains

Front 51

The carboxyl end of the fatty acid molecule is _____. Therefore, it is called ___________ (_____ ______)

Back 51

polar; hydrophilic (water loving)

Front 52

The hydrocarbon end of the fatty acid molecule is ________. Therefore, it is called __________ (_____ _______)

Back 52

nonpolar; hydrophobic (water fearing)

Front 53

_________ ____ have each carbon bonded to a hydrogen covalently

Back 53

Saturated fats

Front 54

___________ ____ may have some C atoms that are not bonded to H

Back 54

Unsaturated fats

Front 55

Classes are based upon _________

Back 55

structure

Front 56

3 molecules of a fatty acid bond to a molecule of the alcohol, glycerol

Back 56

Triglyceride

Front 57

shortening and animal fats are _________ _____________

Back 57

Saturated triglycerides

Front 58

plant seeds and fruits are ___________ _____________

Back 58

Unsaturated triglycerides

Front 59

2 molecules of fatty acid bound to one molecule of glycerol

Back 59

Phospholipids

Front 60

1 fatty acid + 1 glycerol is ___

Back 60

Wax

Front 61

Steroids are a type of _____

Back 61

lipid

Front 62

Steroids include ________, such as testosterone and cholesterol

Back 62

hormones

Front 63

__________ is necessary in small amounts for the proper functioning of nerve cells

Back 63

Cholesterol

Front 64

large, complex, organic molecules that store hereditary information in cells

Back 64

Nucleic acids

Front 65

contains information that is essential for cell activities including mitosis

Back 65

DNA

Front 66

___ is important in producing proteins

Back 66

RNA