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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The genetic source of diversity among cells is ________________ ____
deoxyribonucleic acid
The primary function of DNA is to:
- Store and transmit genetic information that tells cells
which proteins to make and when to make them
DNA is made of repeating subunits called ___________
nucleotides
A DNA nucleotide has 3 parts:
- A sugar called deoxyribose
- A phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen
- A nitrogen-containing base
The four types of Nitrogen containing bases are:
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
In 1953, ______ and _____ suggested a model for DNA
Watson and Crick
The model is composed of two __________ ______ that wrap around each other to form a ______ ______. This is called a ______ _____
nucleotide chains; double spiral; double helix
Individual nucleotides are connected by covalent bonds between ___________ and _________
deoxyribose and phosphate
The bases attach and face toward the ______ of the helix
center
The bases of each chain are linked together by ________ bonds; this is a ____ bond
hydrogen; weak
Cytosine pairs with _______
Adenine pairs with _______
These pair of bases are called _____________ ____ _____
guanine
thymine
complementary base pairs
The nucleotide sequence in one nucleotide chain is an exact __________ of the nucleotide sequence in the other chain
complement
The ability of DNA to make exact copies of itself is important because:
cells that divide must pass exact copies of their DNA to offspring cells
the process of copying DNA in a cell
Replication
During replication, the 2 nucleotide chains separate by _________, and each chain serves as a _______ for a new nucleotide chain
unwinding; template
The first step in replication is __________ of the 2 nucleotide chains
separation
The point at which the 2 chains separate is called the ___________ ____
replication fork
The chains are separated by enzymes called _________
helicases
The enzymes break the ________ _____ between the bases, and the chains separate
hydrogen bonds
Enzymes called ___ ___________ then bind to the separated chains
DNA polymerases
New chains of DNA are assembled using ___________ in the surrounding ______ that are complementary to the existing DNA chains
nucleotides; medium
___ ___________ occurs simultaneously at many points along the separated chains
DNA replication
When replication is completed, _ new exact copies of the original DNA molecule are produced and the cell is ready to undergo ____ ________
2; cell division
The process of DNA replication occurs with a high degree of accuracy about 1 error in every __,___ paired nucleotides
10,000
Change in the nucleotide sequence at even once location
Mutation
DNA proofreading and repair process brings the errors rate down to 1 error per every _______ nucleotides
billion
Abnormal DNA structure can be recognized and repaired by specific _______
enzymes
DNA can be damaged by a variety of agents such as _________ and __ _________
chemicals and UV radiation
The nucleic acid ___________ ____ (___) is responsible for the movement of genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the side of protein synthesis in the cytosol
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
RNA is a _______ ____ made of repeating ___________
nucleic acid; nucleotides
Each RNA molecule is composed of the _____ ______, instead of ___________
sugar ribose; deoxyribose
A 2nd difference is that _______ is rarely a part of an RNA molecule
thymine
______, a nitrogen-containing base, usually replaced thymine. As a result, uracil pairs with _______ in RNA
Uracil; adenine
3 types of RNA:
- Messenger (mRNA)
- Transfer (tRNA)
- Ribosomal (rRNA)
consists of RNA nucleotides in the form a single uncoiled chain. It carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
mRNA is grouped as 3 letter sequences called ______
codons
There are __ possible codons
64
The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to mRNA is _____________
transcription
consists of a single chain of about 80 nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape that bind to specific amino
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA is grouped together in 3 letter sequences called __________
anticodons
Anticodons code for specific amino acids, but are based upon the codons of the ____
mRNA
The process by which genetic information is copied from mRNA to tRNA is ___________
translation
_________ ___ (____) is the most abundant form of RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA molecules are in ________ form. They make up the ribosomes where ________ are made
globular; proteins
____ provides a translation of the amino acid sequence to the ____ so that the ribosomes can produce the necessary proteins
tRNA; rRNA
The production of protein is called _______ _________
protein synthesis
The amount and kind of proteins that are produced in a cell determine the _________ and ________ of the cell
structure and function
Proteins are made of one or more ____________, each of which consists of a specific sequence of _____ _____ linked together by _______ _____
polypeptides; amino acids; peptide bonds
The polypeptides that make up one protein may consist of hundreds or thousands of the __ amino acids arranged in a particular sequence
20
The function of a protein depends on its:
ability to bind with other molecules within a cell
The polypeptide chain represents the protein's _______ _________
primary structure