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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ENERGY
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the ability to do work
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POTENTIAL ENERGY
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stored energy available to do work.
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KINETIC ENERGY
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ENERGY BEING USED TO DO WORK; ENERGY OF MOTION
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CALORIE
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AMOUNT OF ENERGY BEING USED TO WORK; ANY MOVING OBJECT POSSESSES THIS.
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2ND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
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Every time a change in form takes place, some of the energy is converted to random movement called heat.
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ENTROPY
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ORDER TO DISORDER; RANDOMNES
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METABOLISM
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BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF A CELL.
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OXIDATION
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GIVES AWAY LOSS OF ELECTRONS FROM A MOLECULE
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REDUCTION
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RECEIVED/ REDUCED (GAIN OF ELECTRONS) PLUS ANY ENERGY CONTAINED IN THE ELECTRONS.
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ATP
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HIGH ENERGY STORE; MUCH OF RELEASED ENERGY
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1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
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ALL ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS ARE INEFFICIENT. CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED
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ENZYMES
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AN INORGANIC MOLECULE THAT SPEEDS UP CHEMICAL REACTION,
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CO-FACTORS
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SUBSTANCES THAT MUST BE PRESENT FOR AN ENZYMES TO CATALYZE A CHEMICAL REACTION.
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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THE PRODUCT OF A REACTION INHIBITS THE ENZYME THAT CONTROLS ITS FORMATION.
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK
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OPPOSITE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, THE PRODUCT ACTIVATES THE PATHWAY LEADING TO ITS OWN PRODUCTION.
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CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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Solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region.
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
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A SUBSTANCE MOVES ACROSS A MEMBRANE WITHOUT THE DIRECT EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY.
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DIFFUSION
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SPONTANEOUS MOVEMENT OF A SUBSTANCE FROM REGION WHERE IT IS MORE CONCENTRATED TO A REGION WHERE ITS LESS.
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OSMOSIS
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
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ISOTONIC
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THE PLASMA'S FLUID AROUND THE CELL WHICH KEEPS SOLUTE EQUAL WHICH IS THE ABILITY OF A SOLUTION TO CAUSE WATER MOVEMENT.
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HYPOTONIC
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THE SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS LOWER THAN IT IS INSIDE THE CELL. (HYPO-UNDER) WATER THERFORE MOVES BY OSMOSIS INTO BLOOD CELL PLACED INTO HYPOTONIC SURROUNDINGS.
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HYPERTONIC
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SURROUNDINGS HAVE A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN THE CELLS CYTOPLASM, (HYPERACTIVE)
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TURGOR PRESSURE
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RESULTING FORCE OF WATER AGAINST THE CELL WALL.
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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IS A FORM OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT IN WHICH A MEMBRANE PROTEIN ASSISTS THE MOVEMENT OF A POLAR SOLUTE.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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CELL USES A TRANSPORT PROTEIN TO MOVE A SUBSTANCE AGAINST ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT; REQUIRES ENERGY INPUT; FROM ATP.
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SODIUM/POTASSIUM PUMP
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AN ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE MEMBRANES OF MOST ANIMAL CELLS (PROTEIN).
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ENDOCYTOSIS
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ALLOWS A CELL TO ENGULF FLUIDS AND LARGE MOLECULES AND BRING THEM INTO THE CELL.
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EXOCYTOSIS
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OPPOSITE OF ENDOCYTOSIS. USING VESICLES TO TRANSPORT FLUIDS AND LARGE PARTICLES OUT OF CELLS.
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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THE CELL CAPTURES & ENGULFS LARGE PARTICLES SUCH AS DEBRIS OR EVEN ANOTHER CELL.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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THE PROCESS BY WHICH PLANTS , ALGAE, AND SOME MICRO-ORGANISMS HARNESS SOLAR ENERGY AND CONVERT IT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY.
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AUTOTROPHS
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CELLS THAT ARE ABLE TO CARRY ON PROCESS.
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CHLOROPLASTS
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THE ORGANELLES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS AND ALGAE.
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CHLOROPHYLL
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A GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT IN PLANTS, ALGAE, AND CYANOBACTERIA.
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LIGHT REACTION
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THE PART OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS THAT REQUIRES THE LIGHT
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CARBON REACTION
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THE PART OF REACTION THAT CONTINUES WITHOUT LIGHT.
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION
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COMPLETE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE TO CO2 IN THE PRESENCE O2; PRODUCING ATP.
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GLYCOLYSIS
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A METABOLIC PATHWAY OCCURRING IN THE CYTOPLASM OF ALL CELLS;
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KREBS CYCLE
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STAGE IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION THAT COMPLETELY OXIDIZES THE PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS.
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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MEMBRANE-BOUND MOLECULAR COMPLEX THAT SHUTTLES ELECTRONS TO SLOWLY EXTRACT THEIR ENERGY.
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MITOCHODRION
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ORGANELLE THAT HOUSES THE REACTIONS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN EUKARYOTES.
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GENOME
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ALL THE GENETIC MATERIAL IN AN ORGANISM.
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CHROMOSOME
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A CONTINUOUS MOLECULE OF DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEIN IN THE NUCLEUS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL.
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GENE
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SEQUENCE OF DNA THAT CODES FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN OR RNA MOLECULE.
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MUTATION
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A CHANGE IN A DNA SEQUENCE.
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ALLELE
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ONE OF TWO OR MORE ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF A GENE.
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NUCLEOTIDE
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BUILDING BLOCK OF A NUCLEIC ACID, CONSISTING OF A PHOSPHATE GROUP, A NITROGENOUS BASE, AND A FIVE-CARBON SUGAR.
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COMPLEMENTARY
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IN DNA AND RNA, THE PRECISE PAIRING OF PURINES (A AND G) TO PYRIMIDINES (C, T, AND U).
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GLUCOSE
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THE SUGAR IN WHICH THE FLAVORED FUEL SOURCE FOR RESPIRATION.
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GRIFFITH
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1928 MICOBIOLOGISTS MADE 1ST STEP IDENTIFYING DNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL.
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AVERY, MCLEOD, MC CARTY
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1940'S HYPOTHESIZED SOMETHING IN HEAT KILLED BACTERIA TYPES
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HERSHEY AND CHASE
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EXAMINED BACTERIA AND THE FLUID IN EACH TUBE.
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RNA AND DNA
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THE TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID.
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CHARGEOFF
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A=T G=C
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WILKINS AND FRANKLIN
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BOMBARDED DNA W/XRAYS, USING A TECHNIQUE CALLED XRAY DIFFRACTION TO DETERMINE THE 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE.
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WATSON & CREEK
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USED PREVIOUS CLUES TO BUILD A BALL AND STICK MODEL OF THE DNA MOLECULE.
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SANGER
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DEVELOPED DNA FRAGMENTS THAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO THE ORIGINAL DNA
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COMPLIMENTARY BASES
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STRANDS OF A DNA MOLECULE COMPLEMENTING EACH OTHER.
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DNA REPLICATION
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SAME GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FROM A CELL.
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RADIOACTIVE DATING
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It is comparing abundant ratio of an isotope to determine the age of the material
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PCR
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PRELIMNARY CHAIN REACTION; SMALL DNA AMOUNTS MADE LARGE
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DNA PROFILING
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(also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic FINGERPRINTING) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of
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ALLELES
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VARIANT OF GENES
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MEIOSIS
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PROCESS CREATES DIPLOIDS/HAPLOID
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GAMETE
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A SEX CELL SPERM OR EGG CELL
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FERTILIZATION
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THE UNION OF TWO GAMETES.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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COMBINATION OF GENTIC MATERIAL FROM TWO INDIVIDUALS.
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APOPTOSIS
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CELL DEATH THAT US A NORMAL PART OF DEVELOPMENT.
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MITOSIS
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CELL DIVISION
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CHROMATIN
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COLLECTIVE TERM FOR ALL OF DNA AND IT ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.
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NUCLEOSOMES
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DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEINS.
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CHROMATID
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A REPLICATED CHROMOSOME CONSISTS OF TWO SEQUENCE IDENTICAL TO THE OTHER
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CENTROMERE
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A SMALL SECTION OF DNA AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS THAT ATTRACTS THE SISTER CHROMATIDS.
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DIPLOIDS
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COMPLETE FULL SET OF DNA (46 CHROMOSOMES)
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CELL CYCLE
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SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN AN ACTIVELY DIVIDING CELL.
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CYTOKINESIS
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DISTRIBUTION OF CYTOPLASM INTO DAUGHTER CELLS IN CELL DIVISION.
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CENTROSOME
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PART OF THE CELL THAT ORGANIZES MICROTUBULES.
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MITOTIC SPINDLE
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A STRUCTURE OF MICROTUBULES THAT ALIGNS AND SEPARATES CHROMOSOMES IN MITOSIS.
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PROPHASE
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CHROMOSOMES CONDENSED MITOTIC SPINDLE BEGINS TO FORM.
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PROMETAPHASE
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KINETOCHORES GROW ON CENTROMERES, NUCLEAR, ENVELOPE BREAKS DOWN.
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KINETOCHORE
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PROTEIN THAT ATTACHES A CHROMOSOME TO THE SPINDLE IN CELL DIVISION.
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SOMATIC CELLS
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BODY CELLS 23 FROM EACH PARENT.
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METAPHASE
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STAGE OF MITOSIS IN CHROMOSOMES ARE ALIGNED DOWN THE CENTER.
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ANAPHASE
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STAGE OF MITOSIS IN WHICH THE SPINDLE PULLS SISTER CHROMATIDS TOWARDS OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL.
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TELOPHASE
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STAGE OF MITOSIS IN WHICH CHROMOSOMES ARRIVE AT OPPOSITE POLES AND NUCLEAR ENVELOPES FROM
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CLEAVAGE FURROW
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IN ANIMALS, THE INITIAL INDENTATION BETWEEN TO DAUGHTER CELLS IN MITOSIS.
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ANAPHASE
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CENTROMERES SPLIT CHROMATID OF EACH PAIR, PULL TO OPPOSITE POLE.
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TELOMERES
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TIPS OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
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TELEMERASE
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ADDS NEW TIPS; CELLS PRODUCING ENZYMES.
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TUMOR
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AN ABNORMAL MASS OF TISSUE- FORMS. TOO MANY CELLS.
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MALIGNANT
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NOT NORMAL (CANCER)
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METASTASIZE
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INVADES ADJACENT TISSUE.
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CANCER
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A CLASS OF DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY MALIGNANT CELLS
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ONCOGENES
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ARE MUTATED VARIANTS OF GENES THAT NORMALLY STIMULATE CELL DIVISION.
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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
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ENCODE PROTEINS THAT NORMALLY BLOCK CANCER DEVELOPMENT.
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CASPASES
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APOPTOSIS SPECIFIC ENZYMES TRIGGERED WHEN "DEATH RECEPTOR" PROTEIN.
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CONTACT INHIBITION
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PROPERTY OF MOST NONCANCEROUS EUKARYOTIC CELLS;
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BENIGN TUMOR
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MASS ABNORMAL CELLS THAT DOES NOT HAVE POTENTIAL TO SPREAD.
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CELL PLATE
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IN PLANTS; THE MATERIAL THAT BEGIN TO FORM THE WALL THAT DIVIDES TWO CELLS.
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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FORM OF REPRODUCTION FROM ONLY ONE PARENT.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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REPRODUCTION FROM TO INDIVIDUALS,BY DNA.
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CONJUGATION
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A FORM OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN WHICH ONE CELL RECEIVES DNA.
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KARYOTYPE
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A SIZE-ORDERED CHART OF THE CHROMOSOME IN A CELL.
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SEX CHROMOSOME
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CHROMOSOME THAT CARRIES GENES THAT DETERMINES SEX.
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AUTOSOME
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A NONSEX CHROMOSOME
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ALLELE
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ONE OF TWO OR MORE ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF A GENE.
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HOMOLOGOUS PAIR
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TWO CHROMOSOMES THAT LOOK ALIKE AND HAVE SAME GENE SEQUENCE.
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ZYGOTE
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THE FUSED EGG AND SPERM THEN INTO A DIPLOID INDIVIDUAL.
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FERTILIZATION
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UNION OF TWO GAMETES
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CROSSING OVER
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EX-CHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES DURING PROPHASE.
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NON-DISJUNCTION
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FAILURE OF CHROMOSOMES TO SEPARATE AT ANAPHASE II OF MEIOSIS.
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POLYPLOID
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CELL WITH EXTRA CHROMOSOME SETS.
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DUPLICATION
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CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALLY THAT PRODUCES MULTIPLE COPIES OF PART OF A CHROMOSOME.
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DELETION
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LOSS OF ONE OR MORE GENES FROM A CHROMOSOME
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INVERSION
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ABNORMALLY IN WHICH A PORTION OF A CHROMOSOME FLIPS AND REINSERTS ITSELF.
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TRANSLOCATION
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EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN NON-HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.
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MEIOSIS
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THE PROCESS BY WHICH GERMS CELLS ARE FORMED. CELL DIVISIONS THAT RESULTS IN HALF OF GENETIC MATERIAL OF PARENTS.
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GENOTYPE
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GENETIC MAKEUP
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MUTATION
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CHANGE IN DNA TYPE
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