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68 Cards in this Set
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A collectionof scientific facts,observations, and hypothesis
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Evolutionary thory
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Change over time...the process of now modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
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Evolution
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A well supported, testable explanation of a natural phenomenon
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a theory
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Scientist that sailed around the world on the HMS beagle, studied Galapagos islands, observed a wide range of diversity among plants and animals. "Could these separate species have evolved from an original ancerstor afterbecoming isolated?"
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Charles Darwin
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What did earths' early atomsphere consist of?
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hydrogen cyanide, CO2,nitrogen,hydrogen sulfide, and water
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What very important gas was not present during early earths time period?
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oxygen,which later came from photosynthetic organisms
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Two scientists that put early earth's inorganic atmospheric gases in a sealed chamber to show how firstlife forms may have developed
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Miller and Urey
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Result of Miller and Urey's experiment?
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Organic compounds formed after sealing inorganic atmospheric gases in a sealed chamber then adding heat
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The two types of first cells
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Prokaryotic,anerobic
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Cells without a nucleus
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prokaryotic
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Cells that did not use or need oxygen
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anaerobic
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Theory that prokaryotic cells grouped together to form one eukaryotic cell
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Endosymbiotic theory
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Divisions of labor within the cell (term)
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cell specialization
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Genetic recombination in offspring is allowed by what?
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sexual reproduction
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Scientists who study fossils are...
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Paleontologists
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Factors like structure, diet, predators, and environments can all be determined by what?
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Fossils
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Gives evidence for the history of life on earth (term)
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The fossil record
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The fossil record shows how different groups of organisms have changed over time. It is also __________
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incomplete
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Layers of rock that contain most fossils and are deposited over time (term)
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sedimentary rock
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The type of fossil dating where age is compared to other fossils.(oldest fossils are lowest in layers)
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Relative dating (they dont know how long it takes each layer to form)
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The type of fossil dating where they study the actual age of the fossil and analyze the amount of radioactive isotope still left in the fossil
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radioactive dating
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Over ____ percent of Earth's species have become extinct
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99!
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_____(person) argued that living things have been evolving on earth for millions of years
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Darwin, Charles
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There are six general types of evidence of Darwins' theory. They are...
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the fossil record, geographic distribution, homologous body structures, vestigal structures, embryological similarities, biochemical
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One of six types of evidence that shows that fossils arethe remains of ancient life, and that examining fossils in layers of sedimentary rock show gradual change over time
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the fossil record
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One of six types of evidence that shows certain animals in similar environments evolve similar features due to the similar pressures of natural selection
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geographic distribution
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One of six types of evidence that shows Body parts develop from the same cells in developing embryos but differ widely in their form and function as adults
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Homologous body structures
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Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryotic tissue(term)
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homologous structures
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One of six types of evidence that shows structures that once served a purpose but are now reduced in size and have no present function
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vestigal structures
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One of six types of evidence that shows during periods of the early stages of embryo developement, different vertabraes are very similar
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Embryological similarities
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One of six types of evidence that shows when DNA sequences are compared, the closer the DNA sequence the closer the evolutionary relationship
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biochemical
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Geologist that proposed that geologic events or forces had shaped our earth.
*the geiologic features of earth such as rocklayers, mountains form very slowly *earth had to be more than a few thousand years old, that these processes take millions of years |
1795- James Hutton
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Geologist that explained the proscesses that shaped theearth in his book Principles of Geology
*these processes have shaped and continue to shape *This helped explain how marine fossils could end up at thetop of a mountain range |
1833- Charles Lyell
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Naturalist who proposed that living things change over time and that all species were descended from other species.
*Organisms were somehow adapted to environment **ACQUIRED TRAITS CAN BE PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION |
Jean-baptiste Lamarck-1809
(his theories were incorrect) |
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a type of characteristic: blue eyes
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inherited
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a type of characteristic: playing piano
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acquired
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economist that stated people are being born faster than they are dying
*if the population continued to grow unchecked there would not be enough food or space for anyone |
Thomas Malthus-1798
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_____(person) returned in 1836 to England with his specimen from around the world
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DARWIN...(hms beagle)
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In 1858 _________(person) published a short essay on evolutionary change
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Alfred Wallace
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In 1859 darwin published...
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On the Origin of Species *(an entire volume)
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Darwins' Theory of _________ is divided into six parts.
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Natural Selection
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*The environment can't support every organism that is born |
Organisms produce more offspring that actually survive
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Memebers of each species must compete for resources |
Every organism must struggle for existence
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Not all the invdividuals of a population have the same traits (adaptation) |
Natural Variation exists within a population
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Survival of the fittest |
Some adaptations allow memebers to survive and reproduce better (fitness)
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Organisms with best fitness pass their traits on, and these helpful traits gradually appear in more and morefo the offspring (artificial selection, breeding, etc.) |
natural selection
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A theory of natural selection (one of six)
*Each species has descended with changes from other species (common descent) |
Descent with Modification
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a group of organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring (term)
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species
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the process ofhow new species are formed
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speciation
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For new species to evolve, populations muist become ___________ ________ from one another.
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reporductively isolated
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When members of two populations can not interbreed and produce fertile offspring. (term)
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reproductive isolation
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The three ways of reproductive isolation
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geographic, behavioral, temporal (time)
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Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations are seperated by geographic barriers like rivers, mountains, bodies of water
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geographic isolation
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Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations are capable of interbreeding,but have differences in courtship rituals or mating behaviors
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behaviorial isolation
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Type of reproductive isolation where: two populations live in the same environment but breed at different times
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temporal isolation
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Era that contains quarternary and tertiary
*warmer climate, first humans * mammals adapted to the water land and sky. "age of mammals" |
Cenozioc Era
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Era that contains cretaceous, jurassic, and triassic periods.
*earliest plants *earliest birds and mammals *earliest dinosaurs "age of mammals" |
Mesozoic Era
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Era that contains permian, carboniferous, devonian,silurian,ordivican, and cambrian periods
*First land animals, amphibiens..."age of fish" *first land plants *Earliest Fish |
Paleozoic Era
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Era in which the origin of life in seas took place
*fossils are rare *mainly unicellular life |
Pre-Cambrian Era
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The frequency of an allele in the population (term)
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gene frequency
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a change in the DNA sequence (term)
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mutations
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Variation in genes due to independent assortment and crossing over
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gene shuffling
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DIRECTIONAL SELECTION:
When individuals at _______ of the curve have higher fitess than individuals in the ___________. |
1)one end
2)middle or other end |
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STABILIZING SELECTION:
when individuals __________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at _____ |
1) near the center
2) either |
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DISRUPTIVE SELECTION:
When individuals at the _______ of the curve have higeher fitness than individuals _______. |
1) upper and or lower
2) near the middle |
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The ______ _______ principle describes a hypothetical situationin which tehre is nochange ibn the gene pool, hence no evolution
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Hardy Weinberg
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the frequencies of alleles will remain unchanged generation after generation if these conditions are met (5)
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Large population, Random mating, no mutation,no migration, no natural selection
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Define Genetic Drift.
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in small populatikons, an allele can belost in a population due to chance
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