Biology Grade 9

Front 1

atmosphere

Back 1

layer of gases surrounding the earth

Front 2

what is in the atmosphere

Back 2

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen

Front 3

what does the atmosphere do

Back 3

acts like a blanket to moderate temperatures, blocks solar radiation, uv light and essential for survival

Front 4

what is the lithosphere

Back 4

earth's solid outer layer, consists of rocks and minerals. makes up mountains, ocean floors, and the rest of earth's solid landscape. 50-150km thick

Front 5

what is the hydrosphere

Back 5

all of earth's water in solid, liquid and gas form. oceans, lakes, ice, groundwater and clouds. 97% of earth's water is found in oceans

Front 6

what is the biosphere

Back 6

the area where life can exist within the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. all conditions for life must be met and maintained

Front 7

what is an ecosystem

Back 7

all the living organisms that share a region and interact with each other and their non-living environment

Front 8

what are abiotic factors

Back 8

non-living components of ecosystems, physical & chemical components of an ecosystem (eg. sunlight, temperature, wind, water, soil, minerals) *disturbances like fires, hurricanes and volcanic eruptions are also abiotic factors*

Front 9

what are biotic factors

Back 9

the living components of ecosystems. all organisms, their remains, their products and wastes

Front 10

what is a population

Back 10

all the members of the same species living in the same habitat or ecosystem

Front 11

what is a community

Back 11

a collection of all the populations in a habitat or ecosystem

Front 12

composition of ecosystems

Back 12

single organism < a population < a community of different species < an ecosystem with abiotic and biotic factors

Front 13

ecosystems can be either _____ or ______

Back 13

natural or artificial

Front 14

what is sustainability

Back 14

ability to maintain an ecological balance without interruption, weakening, or loss of value

Front 15

what is a sustainable ecosystem

Back 15

it is an ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes

Front 16

what is an artificial ecosystem

Back 16

artificially created and maintained by human actions, desired plants and animals are introduced and maintained (eg. parks, farms) *not usually sustainable*

Front 17

the biosphere is the _____

Back 17

most complex level in ecology

Front 18

what are biomes

Back 18

a biome is a collection of ecosystems that are similar or related

Front 19

what are the canadian biomes

Back 19

-tundra

-boreal/coniferous forest

-deciduous forest

-grassland

Front 20

abiotic features of the tundra biomes

Back 20

-low temperatures

-permafrost

-poor soil quality

Front 21

biotic features of the tundra biomes

Back 21

-low diversity

-rapid flowering plants

-caribou

-foxes

-mosses

Front 22

abiotic factors of boreal forests

Back 22

-warmer than tundra

-no permafrost

-changeable weather

-acidic and watery soil

Front 23

biotic factors of boreal forests

Back 23

-coniferous trees

-birds

-squirrels

-hares

-bears

-wolves

Front 24

abiotic factors of the temperate deciduous forest

Back 24

-higher temperatures

-fertile soil

-rainn

Front 25

biotic factors of the temperate deciduous forest

Back 25

-deciduous trees and flowering plants

-squirrels

-lots of insects

-mice

-deer

-bears

-hummingbirds

-weaselsabiotic

Front 26

abiotic factors of grasslands

Back 26

-longer growing season

-higher temperatures

-good soil

Front 27

biotic factors of grasslands

Back 27

-grass

-bison

-mice

-snakes

-coyotes

-hawks

Front 28

what is an ecological niche

Back 28

role of a species within its ecosystem (what does it eat, what eats it, behavior)

Front 29

what is a producer

Back 29

an organism that produces its own food (eg plants produce sugar via photosynthesis)

Front 30

what is a consumer

Back 30

organism that consumes other organisms for energy

Front 31

in order to stay alive and function all organisms need _____

Back 31

energy

Front 32

what is the source of all energy

Back 32

the sun

Front 33

what does photosynthesis do

Back 33

solar energy is converted into chemical energy via photosynthesis

Front 34

producers can capture _____ in a chemical called ______ found in plant cells

Back 34

light energy, chlorophyll

Front 35

what is the equation for photosynthesis

Back 35

carbon dioxide + water (=light energy=) sugar + oxygen

Front 36

what is sugar

Back 36

it is stored chemical energy in roots stems and leaves of a plant

Front 37

what is the equation for cellular respiration

Back 37

sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Front 38

what do plants convert sugar to for storage

Back 38

starch

Front 39

what is energy used for in plants

Back 39

building materials such as carbs proteins etc

Front 40

what is a food chain

Back 40

sequence of organisms each feeding on the next showing how energy is transferred from one organism to another

Front 41

organisms that cannot make their own food must ...

Back 41

get their energy form eating other organisms

Front 42

what is a scavenger

Back 42

feeds on the remain of another organism

Front 43

what is a feeding level

Back 43

describes position of an organism along a food chain

Front 44

what is the 1st trophic level

Back 44

producers

Front 45

what is the 2nd trophic level

Back 45

primary consumers (herbivores)

Front 46

what is the 3rd/4th trophic level

Back 46

secondary/tertiary consumers (carnivores)

Front 47

what is detritus

Back 47

waste from plants/animals and dead remains

Front 48

what happens to the detritus

Back 48

some organisms might eat it (scavengers)

other organisms break it down to get nutrients for own use and/or release nutrients back ino the ecosystem (decomposers)

Front 49

what is a food web

Back 49

representation of the feeding relationships within a community

Front 50

(energy transfer) all organisms continually _____________ to their __________

Back 50

use and release energy, environment. this means energy is continually lost from all levels of the food chain.

Front 51

thermodynamics first and second law

Back 51

1. energy can be transferred from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed

2. energy is lost everytime is energy is transferred between organisms

Front 52

what is the energy used for

Back 52

-growth and everyday activities

-some is converted to heat energy (unusuable)

-some is lost as waste (poop)

-some cannot be consumed (bones, skin, fur)

Front 53

energy needed to maintain a food chain inevitably runs out unless ...

Back 53

sunlight is continuous

Front 54

which trophic levels have less energy available to them

Back 54

the higher trophic levels

Front 55

omnivores feed at ...

Back 55

2 levels

Front 56

what is the end carnivore called

Back 56

the top carnivore

Front 57

the top carnivore is also the ...

Back 57

lowest energy position

Front 58

examples of decomposers

Back 58

earthworm

fungus

mushrooms

bacteria

Front 59

particles of matter do not ...

Back 59

stay in your body forever

Front 60

every part of your cell in your body is ...

Back 60

replaced over time

Front 61

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are ...

Back 61

complimentary processes that cycle carbon around (organic and inorganic forms of it)

Front 62

what is photosynthesis

Back 62

process in which the sun's energy is converted into chemical energy or 'glucose sugar'

Front 63

which parts of the equation for photosynthesis are organic and inorganic

Back 63

carbon dioxide + water ] inorganic

sugar + oxygen ] organic

Front 64

what is cellular respiration

Back 64

process by which glucose sugar in converted into carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Front 65

which parts of the equation for cellular respiration are organic or inorganic

Back 65

sugar + oxygen ] organic

carbon dioxide + water + energy ] inorganic

Front 66

most of earth's carbon is not ...

Back 66

recycled

Front 67

where is earth's carbon stored

Back 67

in carbon rich deposits

Front 68

fossil fuels do what

Back 68

burning or combustion of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide

Front 69

dead marine organisms end up as ...

Back 69

layers of limestone sediment (sedimentary rock)

Front 70

where is organic carbon held

Back 70

in the bodies of living things

Front 71

what does the decomposition of waste and dead organisms do

Back 71

it returns carbon in inorganic form

Front 72

what is the human impacts on the carbon cycle

Back 72

1. burning or combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

2. deforestation increases carbon dioxide concentration the atmosphere

Front 73

what does combustion cause

Back 73

-causes climatic changes

-alters temperature and water availability

-increases temperatures which melt polar ice caps then sea levels rise and that disrupts ecosystems

Front 74

what does deforestation cause

Back 74

-less trees to take the CO2 via photosynthesis

-decomposition of organic matte returns carbon to atmosphere

Front 75

where is most nitrogen found

Back 75

its found mostly in the atmosphere (called atmospheric nitrogen, N2) and is unusuable

Front 76

what is nitrogen important for

Back 76

its important for cells to make protein and dna

Front 77

which is used by plants:

nitrogen

nitrites

nitrates

Back 77

nitrates (NO3) is used by plants

Front 78

nitrogen makes up 79% of the atmosphere but ...

Back 78

its not readily available to be used by organisms because of its stable nature

Front 79

how is nitrogen usuable

Back 79

it must be converted to nitrates (NO3)

Front 80

how can we convert nitrogen to nitrates

Back 80

nitrogen fixation

Front 81

what will fix nitrogen

Back 81

-lightning will fix small amounts of nitogen (lightning falls with rain)

-bacteria in the soil will fix nitrogen for nearby plants

Front 82

how is nitrogen used

Back 82

its used to make dna and proteins

Front 83

who needs plant nitrogen

Back 83

animals/humans

Front 84

animals break down proteins into ...

Back 84

amino acids

Front 85

what are amino acids used for

Back 85

to make the needed proteins

Front 86

what happens to excess nitrogen

Back 86

decomposers will take nitrogen rich compounds and release it back into the environment (goes into the soil or re-enters the atmosphere)

Front 87

what is the process of the nitrogen

Back 87

nitrate > nitrite > nitrogen

Front 88

what do plants need

Back 88

n:p:k (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium)

Front 89

plants have _______ which is responsible for the ______ which requires ______

Back 89

chlorophyll, green colour, nitrates

Front 90

who is chlorophyll required by

Back 90

required by producers to participate in photosynthesis

Front 91

lwhat does chlorophyll trap

Back 91

chlorophyll traps the sunlight (radiant energy)

Front 92

what makes the chlorophyll

Back 92

chloroplast

Front 93

fossil fuels are organic or inorganico

Back 93

organic

Front 94

what allows an organism to thrive

Back 94

abiotic and biotic conditions

Front 95

what is the limiting factor

Back 95

factor that restricts the size of a population

eg. is there enough food

species interaction

whos faster or stronger

Front 96

what are species interactions

Back 96

species often interact within community and different relationships exists between species

Front 97

what are the 5 interactions

Back 97

1. competition

2. predation

3. parasitism

4. commensalism

5. mutualism

Front 98

what is competition

Back 98

two individuals vie for the same resource

Front 99

what is predation

Back 99

one individual feeds on another

Front 100

what is parasitism

Back 100

one individual lives in or on and feeds on a host organism

Front 101

what is commensalism

Back 101

one individual benefits and the other doesn't or is harmed

Front 102

what is mutualism

Back 102

two individuals benefiting each other

Front 103

example of competition

Back 103

fox and coyote both feed on rabbits

Front 104

example of predation

Back 104

lynx prey on hares

Front 105

example of parasitism

Back 105

microbes that case malaria live within human cells

Front 106

example of commensalism

Back 106

birds living/nesting in trees

Front 107

example of mutualism

Back 107

nitrogen fixing bacteria live in the roots of certain plants. plants provide sugar to bacteria. bacteria provide nitrogen to plant

Front 108

what are pests

Back 108

inconvenient organisms examples, organisms that damage crops

-weeds, mosquitoes, mice

Front 109

what is a monoculture

Back 109

one type of organism in an area, also the ideal environment for pests

Front 110

what happens if pests attack plants

Back 110

if a pest attacks a plant it will eats its leaves and then the plant cannot photowsynthesize and will die

Front 111

what is a pesticide

Back 111

a substance/poison used to kill/poison pests

Front 112

what are the 4 types of pesticides

Back 112

-long lived

-short lived

-broad spectrum

-narrow spectrum

Front 113

what are long lived pesticides

Back 113

they last many years (eg. synthetic pesticides)

Front 114

what are short lived pesticides

Back 114

last a few days (eg. natural pesticides)

Front 115

what are broad spectrum pesticides

Back 115

they are toxic to many species (eg. DDT is toxic to most insect species)

Front 116

what are narrow spectrum pesticides

Back 116

toxic to a limited number of species (eg. BT is toxic only to caterpillars, beetles, and fly larvae)

Front 117

who are more susceptible to pesticides

Back 117

each higher organism collects more pesticides, pesticides accumulate as they go from one trophic level to the next

Front 118

how do pesticides work

Back 118

physical harm

-abrasive powder scratches small organisms

chemical harm

-poison that interferes with photosynthesis or damages vital organs

------

direct contact

-must touch pest

indirect

-sprayed on grass and will take effect by the roots of the weed

Front 119

what are nontarget species

Back 119

species not intended to be killed by broad spectrum pesticides. sometimes it will kill predatory insects that normally feed on pests which makes them use more pesticides

Front 120

what is bioamplification/bioaccumulation

Back 120

pesticides that bioaccumulate do that because the cannot be removed from the body and they are stored in fats not water

a pesticide bioamplifies in a food chain it increases in concentrations as it moves higher up the food web, can reach toxic levels

Front 121

what is resistance

Back 121

when pesticides are used for a long time then the pest can become stronger against it and it doesnt work anymore

individual pests that survive an application of pesticide will reproduce and pass the resistance to their kids

after many generations the population can be highly resistant

Front 122

what are some solutions

Back 122

organic farming

-farming without the use of synthetic fertilizers/pesticides but some organic pesticides can be more dangerous than synthetic ones

control:

-biological

-altered time (when does it grow)

-crop rotation/mixed planting

-baiting the pest

Front 123

some non-native species ______ when introduces to a new habitat and can become ______

Back 123

thrive, overpopulated

Front 124

some species become underpopulated because of...

Back 124

changes in abiotic and biotic conditions in their habitat

Front 125

what do we classify species with lowered populations as

Back 125

-vulnerable

-threatened

-extirpated

-endangered

-extinct

Front 126

what is vulnerable

Back 126

(special concern) species that is at risk because of its low or reducing numbers eg. grey fox

Front 127

what is threatened

Back 127

species that is likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed eg. whale, bison

Front 128

what is extirpated

Back 128

a species that no longer exists in a specific area eg. paddlefish, atlantic walrus

Front 129

what is endangered

Back 129

a species facing immediate extirpation or extinction eg. swift fox, northern cricket frog

Front 130

what is extinct

Back 130

died out and no longer found on earth eg. sea mink, great auk

Front 131

what are the types of tree harvesting

Back 131

clear cutting and selective cutting

Front 132

what is clear cutting

Back 132

all the trees in one area are removed, followed by replanting, also highly mechanized

Front 133

what is selective cutting

Back 133

only certain trees are harvested (the best ones) and remaining trees provide seeds for future growth

Front 134

advantages of clear cutting

Back 134

-cheap

-safe

Front 135

disadvantages of clear cutting

Back 135

-soil erosion

-runoff adds soil nutrients to water so algae will grow

-habitats destroyed

-we cut trees faster than they can grow

-replanting results in monoculture

Front 136

advantages of selective cutting

Back 136

-less disruptive

-biodiversity is maintained

Front 137

disadvantages of selective cutting

Back 137

-expensive

-less safe

-future growth will be inferior

Front 138

what causes acid precipitation

Back 138

-coal burning plants

-cars/trucks

-metal smelters to make jewelry

-oil refineries

*all produce sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide which dissolve in water droplets to form acid precipitation*

acid rain is caused by an imbalance in the carbon cycles

Front 139

how does acid get into the water/air

Back 139

acidic gases released by atmosphere > gases carried by winds > gases dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain > acid rain kills plant life, pollutes rivers and streams and erodes stonework

Front 140

effects of acid precipitation

Back 140

ecosystems at risk

-kills fish

-soil, bacteria

-aquatic & terrestrial plants

low ph 5.1 damages tree leaves and tree tissues making it easy for them to get infected

marble statues dissolve

metal and buildings are damaged (corrosion)

asthma, bronchitis, eye and skin irritation

Front 141

what is fragmentation

Back 141

making a region smaller

Front 142

what does fragmentation do to ecosystems

Back 142

it reduces ecosystem sustainability and a large area of the habitat is exposed to damaging outside influences such as pollution

Front 143

what factors improve the sustainability of habitat fragments

Back 143

-size

-number (1big area instead of 4 small)

-proximity (how close together are the habitats)

-connectedness (connected habitats)

-integrity (wheres the water)

Front 144

human activities along shorelines damage neighbouring aquatic ecosystems by

Back 144

-replacing natural vegetation

-dredging to create deeper water for boats

-sediment runoff

-commercial fishing

Front 145

what is ecological succession

Back 145

-ecosystems are balanced

-biotic and abiotic features remain constant

-abiotic conditoins are stable

but ecosystems can change over time

Front 146

larger ecosystems/ change is ...

Back 146

slow and is caused by changes in climate

Front 147

small eosystems/ constant ...

Back 147

state of change i.e fires

Front 148

what is succession

Back 148

the gradual change in the biotic and abiotic features of an ecosystem observed by following a disturbance

Front 149

what is primary succession

Back 149

succession on newly exposed ground

Front 150

what is seconday succession

Back 150

succession in a partially disrupted ecosystem but doesn't destroy the community