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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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allele
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one of a number of different forms of a gene
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heterozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait
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homozygous
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term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
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phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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probability
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likelihood that a particular event will occur
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purebred
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same alleles
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true breeding
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term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
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P generation
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parent generation
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F1 generation
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filial son or daughter in latin
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F2 generation
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2nd son or daughter by crossing alleles from F1 generation
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dominant
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trait shown more
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recessive
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trait shown less
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gametes
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sex cells (sperm and egg)
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Punnett Square
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diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
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self-fertilize
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crossing one with itself
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cross-fertilize
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crossing one with another
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principle of dominance
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One form of a gene is usually dominant over the recessive form of a gene.
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principle of segragation
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Proves the genes segragate when gametes are formed
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hybrid
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offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
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principle of independent assortment
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Genes for different traits segragate indipendently from each other during the formation of gametes
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principle of probability
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can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses ( expressed as fraction, decimal,percentage, or ratio)
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incomplete dominance
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one allele is not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the 2 homozygous phenotypes
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codominance
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both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism
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multiple alleles
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genes have more than two alleles
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polygenic traits
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2 or more genes control a trait
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crossing- over
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process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
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diploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
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homologous chromosomes
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refers to a pair of chromosomes where each chromosome is familiar in shape, size and the genes they carry; one recieved from each parent
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tetrad
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structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
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synapsis
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every chromosomes lining up next to its homologue
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Down Syndrome
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three copies of chromosome 21; nondisjunction;trisomy;
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Kleinfelter's syndrome
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(karyotype 47,XXY);The extra X chromosome interferes with meiosis and usually prevents these individuals from reproducing.
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Turner's Syndrome
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karyotype 45,X; sterile, which means that they are unable to reproduce. Their sex organs do not develop at puberty.
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karyotype
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set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
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sex chromosomes
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one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
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autosomes
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autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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nondisjunction
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error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
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Father Rambousek
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monk who didn't like Mendel working with the rats;reported him; became abbot after Mendel died; ordered Mendel's scripts burned
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Abbot Napp
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head of monastery who advised him to go to university; disallowed him to work with rats
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Professor Franz Unger
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Mendel's professor at the university of Vienna; had the similar views as Mendel with regards to disbelieving Lamarks's theory
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Johann Nave
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His friend at the monastery: died of TB; encouraged Mendel to publish his findings on inheiritance; didn't live to hear Mendel speak at the scientific society.
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Theresia
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his sister; gives Mendel her dowry; Mendel goes to her wedding
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Jan Twrdy
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breeder of plants
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Joseph Maresh
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gardener at monastery
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Alois
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Mendel's nephew; studying to be a doctor; tells Mendel his life expectancy
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2N
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The diploid # of chromosomes for a species
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N
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The haploid # of chromosomes for a species
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