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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is recombinant DNA
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when fragments of DNA from one species is fused with the genetic material of another species
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what is a genome
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all of the DNA in a haploid number of chromosomes
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what is a restriction enzyme
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a protein that recognizes and cuts specific sequences of nucleotides in double stranded DNA
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DNA ligase
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recombines the fragments of DNA into one piece
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what is a plasmid
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small circle of extra DNA with a few genes in it (3-5 genes)
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what is a cloning vector
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a modified plasmid that accepts foreign DNA and slips into a host bacteria
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what is reverse transcriptase
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a viral enzyme that uses the mRNA as a template to make DNA --- this is used by viruses
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cDNA
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complementary DNA
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what is a gene library
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a collection of bacterial cells that house different cloned fragments of DNA
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what is a probe
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a short stretch of DNA labeled with a radioisotope
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what radioisotope is used to label a probe
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nitrogen
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what is nucleic acid hybridization
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base pairing between DNA from more than one source
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what is PCR
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polymerase chain reaction--- replicates targeted DNA fragments
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what are primers
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synthetic nucleotide oligomers (10-30 bases long)
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what is a DNA fingerprint
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a unique set of DNA sequences inherited in a menderilian pattern from parents---- like when they need to use DNA fingerprints to solve a crime
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what are tandem repeats
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many copies of the same short DNA sequence
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what is gel electrophoresis
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an electric field pulls a sample of DNA fragments through a slab of semisolid matrix--- it helps to sort the DNA according to length
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what is automated DNA sequencing
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can reveal the sequence of a stretch of cloned or PCR amplified DNA
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what is genetic engineering
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the process of changing the genetic makeup of an organism
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what is xenotransplantation
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transferring an organ from one species into another-- ex. using pigs for heart transplants
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what is genomics
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research into genomes of humans and other species
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what is human gene therapy
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the transfer of one or more normal or modified genes into a person's body cells
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what are DNA chips
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microarrays of thousands of gene sequences representing an entire genome
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how are restriction enzymes used in bacteria?
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they destroy the DNA in viruses which kills viruses
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what are sticky ends
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the sides of DNA that are created when a restriction enzyme cuts the DNA
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what is a signal sequence
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it is attached to proteins about to be shipped out of the cell-- it acts like a shipping label it tells the protein where to go
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what are the two types of mutations
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1) point mutation- when one base pair is changed into another base pair
2) frameshift mutation- when one base pair is added (Insertion) or one base pair is deleted (Deletion) |
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what type of mutation is better frameshift or point?
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point! because it makes only ONE defective amino acid
a frameshift mutation makes every single codon after the mutated base pair wrong example THE DOG BIT THE CAT (frameshift mutation) THD OGB ITT HEC AT |
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what are the two types of frameshift mutations
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deletion and insertion
deletion- base pair is deleted insertion- base pair is added |
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in a person with sickle cell anemia what amino acid substitutes valine due to a point mutation?
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glutanine
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