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9 Cards in this Set
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Human Genome Project
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The Human Genome Project's (HGP) goal is to understand the genetic make-up of the human species by determining the DNA sequence of the human genome and the genome of a few model organisms. The international project began in 1990 initially headed by James Watson. A working draft of the genome was released in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further analysis still being published. It was one of the biggest investigational projects in modern science. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. A parallel project was conducted by the private company Celera Genomics.
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gene therapy
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Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele is replaced with a functional one. Although the technology is still in its infancy, it has been used with some success. Antisense therapy is not strictly a form of gene therapy, but is a genetically-mediated therapy and is often considered together with other methods.
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RNAi
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RNAI is a non-coding RNA that is an antisense repressor of the replication of some E. coli plasmids, including ColE1. Plasmid replication is usually initiated by RNAII, which acts as a primer by binding to its template DNA. The complementary RNAI binds RNAII prohibiting it from its initiation role. The rate of degradation of RNAI is therefore a major factor in control of plasmid replication. This rate of degradation is aided by the pcnB (plasmid copy number B) gene product, which polyadenylates the 3' end of RNAI targeting it for degradation by PNPase.
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DNA fingerprinting
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A technique for identifying individual organisms based upon the uniqueness of their DNA pattern. The technique has applications in forensics, paternity testing, anthropology, conservation biology and ecological research
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gel electrophoresis
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Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, or protein molecules through an electric charge. It is usually performed for analytical purposes, but may be used as a preparative technique to partially purify molecules prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry, RFLP, PCR, cloning, DNA sequencing, or Southern blotting for further characterization.
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genetic screening
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Testing groups of individuals to identify defective genes capable of causing hereditary conditions.
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amniocentesis
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Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT), is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of genetic risk factors, in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal tissues, is extracted from the amnion or amniotic sac surrounding a developing fetus, and the fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities. Amniocentesis is not performed for every pregnancy, but is generally done when an increased risk of genetic defects in the fetus is indicated, by mother's age (over 35 years is common), family history of genetic defects, or other factors.
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cloning
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The process of producing identical copies of a DNA segment asexually. To achieve this goal a DNA segment is introduced into another living organism which reproduces very fast and thus multiplies the foreign DNA. In recombinant DNA technology, the use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA is referred to as cloning DNA.
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transgenic
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Having at least one gene from a different species, particularly as a result of recombinant DNA technology. 2. Relating to the insertion into chromosomes a chromosomal segment from another organism
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