Biology Flashcards

Front 1

Phagocytosis

Back 1

the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists

Front 2

Endocytosis

Back 2

a process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them

Front 3

Exocytosis

Back 3

the durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane

Front 4

Reactants of Photosynthesis

Back 4

carbon dioxide + water

Front 5

Main Product of Photosynthesis

Back 5

glucose (stored as starch)

Front 6

Location of Photosynthesis

Back 6

chloroplasts of the leaves (most occurs in the spongy mesophyll of the leaves)

Front 7

Parts of the Leaf

Back 7

cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade(have the most chloroplats), mesophyll cell, bundle sheath cell (xylem, phloem), xylem, phloem, spongy mesophyll cells, guard cell, stomata, lower epidermis, cuticle

Front 8

Different Types of Plant Tissue

Back 8

dermal tissue (outside/protective layer), ground tissue (give strength/support, storage), vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)

Front 9

Parts That Make Up the Vein (leaf)

Back 9

bundle cell sheath (xylem, phloem), xylem, phloem

Front 10

Function of Stomata

Back 10

stomata are located on the outer skin layer of a plant. Their main job is to let water vapor, gases, and oxygen to move quickly in and out of the plant's leaf

Front 11

Lenticels

Back 11

smaller than stomata, openings found on the stem of plants, open and close to allow gases and water in and out

Front 12

Transpiration

Back 12

evaporation of water through the leaf caused by the movement of water through the xylem tubes, can be measured through a potometer (Device assembled under water, air tight, the rate of transpiration is measured by how far an air bubble travels across a capillary tube in a given time)

Front 13

Adhesion

Back 13

keeps the water drops on the surfaces of leaves and flowers in place, refer to the joining of two different substances due to attractive forces that hold them

Front 14

Cohesion

Back 14

causes water to form drops, refers to the sticking together of alike molecules/works in the transport of water because as 1 water molecule evaporates through transpiration, another one takes its place and pulls the rest up through cohesion

Front 15

Osmosis

Back 15

the diffusion of water particles across a semipermeable membrane, always goes to the hypertonic solution

Front 16

Root Pressure

Back 16

osmotic pressure exerted in the roots of plants causing sap to rise through the stem to the leaves, it is one of the possible factors that explains transpiration stream in plants where water rises against gravity to move to areas that have less water/Dissolved minerals in the root cells create a high concentration so water is drawn in at the roots

Front 17

Sugar Transport

Back 17

pressure exerted, source flows through the phloem tubes to the sink, flows from the leaf from photosynthesis, active transport through phloem tubes, goes from leaf to root

Front 18

3 Uses of Water in a Plant

Back 18

raw material for photosynthesis, support, transport of water soluble chemicals and other minerals

Front 19

Root Hairs in a Plant

Back 19

obtain water for the plant, each hair is an extension of the root, enters through osmosis (solution is more concentrated inside root hair, water passes from cell to cell until reaching the xylem vessel), allows for osmosis to occur, transfers the water to the xylem vessel by diluting the concentration inside the cells farther from the xylem vessel

Front 20

3 Macrominerals in Plants

Back 20

nitrate (makes amino acid), phosphorus (makes flowers and roots), pottassium (makes enzymes for respiration, photosynthesis, DNA, other proteins for growth), enter the plant through osmosis (dissolved in water, pumped into the cells through active transport)

Front 21

Storage of Sugar

Back 21

stored as starch in plants, stored as fat molecules in seeds (combine with other elements to form the building blocks for protein and aids the soon to be plant)

Front 22

Deficiency Symptoms

Back 22

plants display symptoms showing they are deficient, ex: when low in nitrate the plant yellows at the leaves and show stunted growth

Front 23

Translocation

Back 23

describes the movement of sugars and minerals through phloem tubes

Front 24

Turgor Pressure

Back 24

the enlargement of the vacuole, causing stiffness (essentially turgidity)

Front 25

Concentration Gradient

Back 25

the gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions. In biology, a gradient results from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When this happens, solutes move along a concentration gradient. This kind of movement is called diffusion

Front 26

3 Factors That Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis

Back 26

light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration

Front 27

Respiration

Back 27

opposite of photosynthesis, absorb oxygen and use it to create water, carbon dioxide and energy to help the plant grow

Front 28

3 Numbers on Fertilizer

Back 28

levels of nitrate, phosphorus and potassium

Front 29

Use of Magnesium

Back 29

micronutrient, needed to make chlorophyll

Front 30

Kinds of Cells in a Plant

Back 30

epidermal cells, parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, meristematic cells

Front 31

Organs of a Plant

Back 31

root, leaf, flower

Front 32

Organ Systems of a Plant

Back 32

vascular system, root system, shoot system

Front 33

Transporting and Storing Nutrients in a Plant

Back 33

cohesion/adhesion, transpiration, root pressure

Front 34

Obtaining Nutrients in a Plant

Back 34

photosynthesis, gas exchange

Front 35

Photosynthesis Occurs....

Back 35

Photosynthesis occurs inside the palisade mesophyll (parenchyma) cells in the leaf, in the chloroplasts of these cells

Front 36

Xylem

Back 36

composed of dead cells, transports water from root to leaf through passive transport

Front 37

Phloem

Back 37

composed of living cells, transports sugar from leaf to root through active transport

Front 38

Phosphate Head

Back 38

part of the membrane (bilayer), is hydrophilic in nature and faces outwards

Front 39

Lipid Tail

Back 39

part of the membrane (bilayer), is hydrophobic in nature and faces inwards

Front 40

Hypotonic

Back 40

contains less of a concentration

Front 41

Hypertonic

Back 41

contains more of a concentration

Front 42

Isotonic

Back 42

equal in concentration

Front 43

Transport Protein

Back 43

type of protein that actively transports materials across a plasma membrane that would not otherwise allow this to occur

Front 44

Diffusion

Back 44

passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration

Front 45

Dynamic Equilibrium

Back 45

the end result of diffusion; when an equilibrium is reached, but molecules are still moving in and out of the cell

Front 46

Plasmolisis

Back 46

shriveling of animal cells due to the cell being hypotonic to the surrounding solution

Front 47

Shoot System

Back 47

an organ system in plants (shoot is above ground), consists of everything above ground and is responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, storage, transport adn hormone production

Front 48

Spongy Mesophyll

Back 48

leaf tissue consisting of loosely arranged, chloroplast-bearing, usually lobed cellsspongy mesophyll consists of irregularly shaped parenchyma cells which are located between the palisade mesophyll and the abaxial epidermis. Spongy mesophyll cells contain less chloroplast than the palisade mesophyll cells but photosynthesis take place in these cells as well. There are many intercellular air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells which are interconnected and communicate with the stomata of the abaxial epidermis. This allows the food-producing cells of the leaf (the mesophyll) to access the gases (carbon dioxide - CO2 and oxygen - O2) which they need for photosynthesis and respiration

Front 49

Hydrophilic

Back 49

water loving

Front 50

hydrophobic

Back 50

water fearing

Front 51

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 51

a model to describe the cell membrane

Front 52

Capillary Action

Back 52

movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid

Front 53

Guard Cells

Back 53

plant cells occurring in pairs in the epidermis, flanking each stoma. Changes in turgor in the guard cells cause the stoma to open and close. A pair of cells found on each side of a stomatal opening, which has properties enabling the contraction and expansion of the stomatal pore

Front 54

Root System

Back 54

organ system of the plant, located underground, responsible for taking in nutrients and water, storage and for support and stability

Front 55

Cuticle

Back 55

the waxy substance on the outside of the leaf for protecting the leaf as well as reducing the levels of transpiration to keep the appropriate water levels

Front 56

Vascular Bundle

Back 56

the strand known as the vein in a leaf consisting of phloem and xylem tubes for transport, phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside

Front 57

Passive Transport

Back 57

the passive movement of molecules in and out of the cell through the semipermeable plasma membrane without the need of energy (aside from kinetic). Ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport

Front 58

Active Transport

Back 58

the movement of large molecules or ions through the semipermeable membrane assisted by enzymes and requiring aditional energy (moving against the concentration gradient. Ex: protein pump

Front 59

Facilitated Transport

Back 59

form of passive transport in which materials are moved across the plasma membrane by a transport protein down their concentration gradient ; hence, it does not require energy

Front 60

Tissue

Back 60

groupings of specialized cells to perform a specific task

Front 61

Root Hairs

Back 61

tiny hairs coming off of the roots of plants responsible for obtaining water and water soluble nutrients through osmosis

Front 62

Palisade Mesophyll

Back 62

palisade mesophyll consists of one or several layers of elongated, narrow parenchyma cells with their long axes at right angles to the axis of the leaf and are situated under the adaxial epidermis. Chloroplasts are especially concentrated in the palisade mesophyll and it is in these cells that much of the photosynthesis in a tree takes place.

Front 63

Pinocytosis

Back 63

process of taking in fluid together with its contents into the cell by forming narrow channels through its membrane that pinch off into vesicles, and fuse with lysosomes that hydrolyze or break down contents

Front 64

Auxin

Back 64

a hormone in the plant responsible for the elgongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth

Front 65

Meristem

Back 65

region of plant tissue consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue

Front 66

Pressure Flow Hypothesis

Back 66

describes how sugars are transported through the phloem from sugar sources to sugar sinks

Front 67

Transport of Sugar

Back 67

after photosynthesis occurs, sugar is actively transported from the photosynthetic tissue into the phloem tubes. Water diffuses into the phloem tubes (osmosis) (creates an area of high pressure surounding the sugar source), sugar is transported into sugar sinks (for use by areas of growth) through pressure gradients. This occurs due to the sugar being actively transported out of the phloem tubes and into sugar cells, creating low pressure and moving the solution down the phloem.

Front 68

Parts of the Fluid-Mosaic Model

Back 68

carbohydrate, fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM), extracellular fluid, glycolipid, cytoplasm, filaments of cytoskeleton, cholesterol, peripheral protein, integral protein, glycoprotein

Front 69

Tonicity

Back 69

the osmotic pressure or tension of a solution, as in the cells would swell or shrink depending on the tonicity of the environment.

Front 70

Phototropism

Back 70

movement or growth of part of an organism (e.g. A plant shoot) towards (positive phototropism) a source of light, without overall movement of the whole organism. An orienting response to light.The directional [[growth of [[meristems in response to the presence of light and the direction it is coming from. Positive phototropism is a directional growth towards the light while a negative response is the organism moving away from the light

Front 71

Gravitropism

Back 71

Directional growth of a plant organ in response to a gravitational field roots grow downwards, shoots grow upwards. Achieved by differential growth on the sides of the root or shoot. A gravitation field is thought to be sensed by sedimentation of statoliths (starch grains) in root caps

Front 72

Gymnosperm

Back 72

pine trees, fir trees, etc. usually have cones

Front 73

Angiosperm

Back 73

blooming plant, anything with a fruit or flower

Front 74

Types of Plants

Back 74

gymnosperm and angiosperm