Biology Flashcards

Front 1

Define Evolution

Back 1

Change over time

Front 2

What is natural selection?

Back 2

In natural selection, the traits being selected contribute to an organism's fitness in its enviorment.

Front 3

What explains how populations of organisms evolve?

Back 3

Common descent

Front 4

What is artificial selection?

Back 4

When humans select from among the naturally occuring genetic variations in a species.

Front 5

Define taxonomy

Back 5

scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name

Front 6

What are the 7 levels of taxonomy according to Linnaeus?

Back 6

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 7

What are the current 8 levels of taxonomy we use today?

Back 7

Domain-Does
Kingdom-King
Phylum-Philip
Class-Come
Order-Over
Family-For
Genus-Good
Spieces-Soup

Front 8

What are the 3 domains?

Back 8

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Front 9

Define each domain or give characteristics of each

Back 9

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
Archaea are prokaryotic cells
Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.

Front 10

What are the 6 kingdoms?

Back 10

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Archaea, Protista, and bacteria

Front 11

Define each kingdom or give characteristics of each...

Back 11

All animals consist of many complex cells. They are also heterotrophs.

Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.

Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom.
Most fungi are multicellular and consists of many complex cells.

Protists include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, not animals, not plants and not fungi.

Most protists are unicellular

Front 12

What is binomial clature?

Back 12

When each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Front 13

What two taxon levels make up the scientific name?

Back 13

genus and species

Front 14

Define prokaryotes

Back 14

single celled organisms that lack a nucleus

Front 15

What is the common name for prokaryotes?

Back 15

bacteria

Front 16

define Viruses

Back 16

particles of nucleic acid,protein, and in some cases lipids

Front 17

What is the protective coat of a virus called? What is it composed of?

Back 17

capsid- composed of proteins

Front 18

______________ are viruses that infect bacteria.

Back 18

bacteriophages

Front 19

What is Gram staining used for?

Back 19

used to tell cell walls apart

Front 20

Define chemoheterotrophs and give an example

Back 20

heterotrophic prokaryotes that must take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of carbo. Humans

Front 21

Define photoheterotrophs

Back 21

these organisms are photosynthetic, using sunlight for energy but they also need to take in the organic compounds as a carbon source

Front 22

define photo autotrophs

Back 22

use light energy to convert carbon dioxcide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen in a process similiar to that used by green plants (flowers)

Front 23

define chemoautotrophs

Back 23

make organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxcide

Front 24

define obligate aerobes and give an example

Back 24

organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen

Front 25

define obligate anaerobes and give an example

Back 25

bacteria tha do not need oxygen

Front 26

define falcutative anaerobes and give an example

Back 26

live with our without oxygen (E coli)

Front 27

define the two ways in which bacteria reproduce

Back 27

Binary fission- when a bacterium has grown so that it has nearly doubled its size, it replicates its DNA and dividesin half producing 2 identical daughter cells. CONJUGATION- when genes move from one cell to another

Front 28

Define and explain the 2 cycles that viruses use to reproduce and give examples of viral infections

Back 28

Lytic infection- when a virus enters a cell makes copies of itself and causes the cell to burst
Lysogenic Infection- when a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and the viral genetoc information replicates along with the hosts DNA

Front 29

what is a prophage

Back 29

viral DNA thst is embedded in the hosts DNA

Front 30

How are viruses prevented?

Back 30

Vaccines

Front 31

define lysis

Back 31

destruction or decomposition, as of a cell or other substance, under influence
of a specific agent

Front 32

what is a protist?

Back 32

A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote

Front 33

what are 3 main types of protists?

Back 33

Animal like protists
Plant like protists
Fungus like protists

Front 34

how are they classified into these 3 main types?

Back 34

How they move

Front 35

why do scientists feel that protists should be broken up into several kingdoms?

Back 35

Because they are so diverse

Front 36

what are the seven phyla of the plant kingdom?

Back 36

euglenophytes, chrysophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, green algae

Front 37

What are the 3 phyla that are fungus like? GIVE COMMON NAMES

Back 37

Cellular Slime Molds (Acrasiomycota)
Acellular Slime Mold (Myxomycota)
Water Mold (Oomycota)

Front 38

what diseases are caused by protists?

Back 38

Malaria
African Sleeping Sickness
Giardia

Front 39

How do sporozoans feed?

Back 39

they feed on the cells and body fluids of their host cells

Front 40

What are cilia and flagella used for?

Back 40

movement

Front 41

what is a trait that all protists share?

Back 41

all eukaryotes

Front 42

What is the alternation of generations?

Back 42

process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages in their life cycles

Front 43

What is a fungus?

Back 43

fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls

Front 44

How are fungi classified?

Back 44

structure and method of reproduction

Front 45

Explain the internal structure of fungi

Back 45

composed of thin filaments called hyphae each hypha is one cell thick and in some fungi cross walls divide the hyphae into cells containing 1 or 2 nuclei. * myclellium * fruiting body

Front 46

explain asexual reproduction in fungi

Back 46

cells/hyphae break off and grow. produces spores which scatter and grow. sporangia produces those spores.

Front 47

explain sexual reproduction in fungi

Back 47

produces + and - gametes which fuse together to form a diploid zygote which then goes through meiosis to form haploid spores

Front 48

what are the 4 phyla and their common names of fungi?

Back 48

Common Molds (zygomycota)
sac fungi (ascomycota)
club fungi (basidiomycota)
imperfect fungi (deuteromycota)