Biology Finale Chips Honors

Front 1

Mitochondria

Back 1

converts chemical energy into compounds for the cells to use

Front 2

Centrioles ( animal)

Back 2

help to organize cell divison

Front 3

lysosomes

Back 3

breaks down useless organelles, lipids, and proteins

Front 4

vacuole

Back 4

stores materials and pimps out excess water

Front 5

ribosomes

Back 5

make proteins

Front 6

golgi apparatus

Back 6

modifies,sorts, and exports, proteins

Front 7

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 7

synthesizes proteins then transports them

Front 8

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 8

synthesizes enzymes before transporting them

Front 9

cytoplasm

Back 9

holds organelles in place

Front 10

nuclear envelope

Back 10

controls what is let in and out of the nucleus

Front 11

nucleolus

Back 11

produces and assembles ribosomes

Front 12

nucleus

Back 12

controls the cells activities

Front 13

cell membrane -

Back 13

regulates what leaves and enters the cell

Front 14

cell wall (plant)

Back 14

supports and protects the cell

Front 15

choroplast (plant)

Back 15

conducts photosynthesis

Front 16

Unicellular

Back 16

one cell, bacteria

Front 17

multicellular

Back 17

- many cells, animals

Front 18

prokaryote

Back 18

no nucleus

Front 19

eukaryote

Back 19

have a nucleus

Front 20

heterotroph

Back 20

eats other organisms, animals for energy, they dont make their own food

Front 21

autotroph

Back 21

makes its own food by converting inorganic molecules to organic ones

Front 22

Difference between plants and animals

Back 22

plants have a cell wall, choroplasts, are more rigid.

Animals have centrioles, no plant wall or choroplasts, non rigid.

Front 23

organisms

Back 23

living things that consume energy, grow, and develop

Front 24

organelle

Back 24

mini-organs that have special functions in the cell

Front 25

homeostasis-

Back 25

an organisms ability to maintain itself

Front 26

main energy source

Back 26

carbohydrates, sunlight, ATP

Front 27

diffusion

Back 27

process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentrartion

Front 28

osmosis

Back 28

diffusion of water from greater to lesser concentration

Front 29

permeable

Back 29

allows particles to pass through it

Front 30

semipermeable

Back 30

only allows certain molecules to pass through it

Front 31

active transport

Back 31

requires energy to go against gradient across a membrane

Front 32

two types of active transport

Back 32

1. molecular pumps -

2. (endocytosis) -

3. Exocytosis

Front 33

two types of endocytosis

Back 33

1. phagocytosis t.

2. pinocytosis

Front 34

endocytosis

Back 34

- process by which cells engulf large substances that were too large for the cell membrane.

Front 35

molecular pumps

Back 35

- moves calcium , sodium across a membrane

Active transport

Front 36

pinocytosis

Back 36

cell membrane pinches off, encloding liquid, forming vacuoles. Vessicles form vacuoles

Front 37

phagocytosis

Back 37

extension of cytoplasm, engulfs large molecules, forms a vesicles (allows white blood cells & amoebas to eat.

Front 38

exocytosis

Back 38

passage of large molecules out of the cell. Vessicle membrane fuses with membrane

Front 39

Passive transport

Back 39

substance moves across a membrane without the use of energy

Front 40

two types of passive transport

Back 40

1. osmosis/diffusion

2. facilitated diffusion

Front 41

facilitated diffusion

Back 41

carrier proteins (permeases) move molecules through membranes by speeding up diffusion.

Front 42

photosynthesis

Back 42

solar energy is absorbed and stored in chemical bonds called carbohydrates

Front 43

photosynthesis products, reacantants, formula, organlle, relation to energy

Back 43

CO2+H2O+energy=C6H12O6+O2

Carbon dioxide +water + energy + sunlight = glucose and oxygen

Takes place in choroplasts, in autotrphs

it is an endogonic process

Front 44

Respiration

Back 44

process that releases chemical energy for use by the cell

Front 45

Respiration products, reactants, forumla, organelle, relation to energy

Back 45

C6H12O6+O2=CO2+H2O+energy

Glucose + energy = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Occurs in heterotrophs and autotrophs

breaks down glucose, food in presence of oxygen

exergonic, releases energy

mitochondria

Front 46

Choroplasts

Back 46

organelle that contains the pigment, cholorophyll (green)

Front 47

Chlorophyll

Back 47

green pigment in choroplasts

Front 48

thylakoids

Back 48

flattened membrane sacs inside choroplasts containing chlorophyll

Front 49

grana

Back 49

stacks of thylakoids

Front 50

stroma

Back 50

a protein rich solution surrounding thylakoids

Front 51

exergonic

Back 51

chemical reactions that release energy

Front 52

endogonic

Back 52

chemical reactions that absorb energy

Front 53

light reactions(photolysis)

Back 53

1.energy is absorbed from the sun,

2.water decomposes, separating hydrogen and oxygen

3. NADH + H2 (hydrogen carrier molecules) are formed

4.oxygen is released

5. takes place in thylakoids of choroplasts

Front 54

Dark Reaction (CO2 Fixation)

Back 54

doesnt require light

1. NADH + H2 react with CO2 from atomosphere

2. glucose forms

3. takes place in stroma of choroplasts

Front 55

Dark Reaction is also known as

Back 55

Calvin Cycle

Front 56

Dark reaction, or calvin cycle, results in?

Back 56

the transformation of light energy of the sun into stored energy in the form of bonds of glucose.

Light energy to glucose )

Front 57

Glycolsis, defintion, location

Back 57

process of breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid. occurs in the cytoplasm,

Front 58

NADP

Back 58

nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, carries hydrogen ions

Front 59

NADPH

Back 59

nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) source of hydrogen molecules

Front 60

PGAL ( phosphoglyceraldehyde)

Back 60

chemical that can be used to make other organic compounds like sugar (glucose)

Front 61

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 61

usble energy that is stored in the cell (potential energy) it stores energy between phosphate groups, when these bonds break, ATP becomes ADP and energy is released

Front 62

three parts of ATP

Back 62

1. Adenine base

2. 5-carbon sugar

3. three phosphate groups

Front 63

Basic energy source of all cells, used to store and release energy

Back 63

ATP

Front 64

ADP( Adenosine diphosphate) How it stores/released energy, different from ATP how?

Back 64

has two phosphate groups instead of the 3 in ATP.

stores energy by adding a phosphate group to make ATP (ADP>ATP)

Releases energy by breaking bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups

Front 65

Two types of cellular respiration

Back 65

1. anaerobic respiration (without oxygen, breaks down pyruvic acid)

2. Aerobic respiration (with oxygen)

Front 66

Fermentation

Back 66

follows glycolysis when oxygen isnt present, it converts NADH to NAD+, continuing glycolysis

Front 67

two types of Fermentation,

Back 67

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation (animal cells)

2. alcoholic Fermentation (plant cells)

Front 68

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 68

in animal cells, converts pyruvic acid to lactic acids.

Pyruvic Acid + NADH = Lactic Acid + NAD+

Front 69

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 69

converts pyruvic acid into Ethyl alcohol,in the absence of oxygen

Pyruvic acid + NADH = Alcohol + CO2 +NADH+

ex. (In bread, yeast runs out of oxygen, gives of CO2 forming air spaces)

Front 70

Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) (cellular respiration)

Back 70

C6H12O6+O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy

Glucose +oxygen = carbon dioxide, water, energy

Produces citric acid

Front 71

Glycogen

Back 71

animals store their energy in fat reserves of glycogen

Front 72

starch

Back 72

plants store their fat reserves in starch

Front 73

Chemiosmosis

Back 73

occurs in choroplasts, the mitochondria, and aerobic bacteria. The electron transport utilizes the energy of photosynthesis to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane resulting in a protein concentration gradient that can make ATP.

Front 74

Nucleic Acids

Back 74

complex organic molecules compose d of carbon ,oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

*are polymers if individual monomers, nucleotides

Front 75

3 parts of nucleotides

Back 75

1. 5 carbon sugar

2. phosphate base

3. nitrogenous base

Front 76

two types of nucleic acids

Back 76

1. deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

both store an transmit information

Front 77

genes

Back 77

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein, determines a trait

They make up chromosomes

Front 78

traits

Back 78

specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another,( eye, hair colour)

Front 79

chromosomes

Back 79

structure in the nucleus that contains genetic information, passed down by generations.

Genes make up these chromosoems

Front 80

Genetic code

Back 80

contains information needed by the cells to function properly

Front 81

histone

Back 81

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in the chromatin. Chromatin makes proteins

Front 82

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 82

genetic material in all organisms, controls what proteins are made. Made up of two strings of nucleotides of which Contains 4 nitrogenous bases, adenine ,cytosine, guanine, thymine

Front 83

double helix

Back 83

dicovered by watson and crick, two strands of nucleotides that twist around a central axis to form a spiral structure

Front 84

purines

Back 84

adenine, guanine, have two rings of carbon

Front 85

pyridines

Back 85

cytosine and thymine, one ring of carbon

Front 86

repilcation

Back 86

duplication of dna, takes place before cell division, produces two complementary strands

protein bonds to the origin, then dna enyzmes unzip the dna, breaking the hydrogen bonds, then the unpaired strands look for complemtnary bases. Old and new strands now bond together with hydrogen

takes place in nucleus

Front 87

transcription

Back 87

dna makes rna

RNA polymerase binds to dna causing the strands to unzip. then dna and rna bases bond by hydrogen. All three types of RNA are transcribed in the nucleus. Rna leaves the nucleus, goes to the cytoplasm to be part of protein synthesis.

Front 88

translation

Back 88

protein molecules are assembled from information encoded within mRNA. The decording of mRNA into a polypeptide chain takes place in ribosomes

Front 89

three differences between DNA and RNA

Back 89

DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil. DNA double stranded, RNA is single stranded. DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose in RNA.

Front 90

Three types of RNA

Back 90

1. Messanger RNA (mRNA)

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

3. Ribosmal RNA (rRNA)

Front 91

Messanger RNA (mRNA) function

Back 91

transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis

#serves as template for assembling amino acids during protein synthesis

Front 92

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 92

transfers messages by bonding to only one specific amino acid.

Front 93

Ribosmal RNA (rRNA)

Back 93

major constituate in the ribosome that helps the bonding of the amino acids to form specific proteins.

Front 94

DNA polymerase

Back 94

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, are essential to DNA replication and work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.

Front 95

RNA polymerase

Back 95

enzyme that produces transfer RNA

Front 96

codon

Back 96

specific group of three bases of messanger RNA

Front 97

anticodon

Back 97

specific group of bases of transfer RNA

Front 98

introns

Back 98

nucleotides not involved in coding of proteins

Front 99

exons

Back 99

nucleotides involved in coding of proteins

Front 100

protein synthesis

Back 100

Protein synthesis is the assembly of proteins

formation of proteins using information codes on RNA and carried out by DNA. (RNA - DNA -PROTEINS)

The more complex the organism, the more proteins

each protein molecule is made of polypeptides

Front 101

Polypeptide, peptide bond, peptide

Back 101

polypeptides are peptides linked together by a peptide bond. Peptides are formed by bonding amino acids. Amino acids make up proteins

Front 102

amino acids

Back 102

20 different amino acids, made up of proteins

Front 103

Mutation

Back 103

mutations are changes in the genetic matierial

Front 104

Two types and differences of Mutations

Back 104

1. Gene mutations- changes in genes

2. chromosome mutations - changes in chromosomes

Front 105

Point Mutation

Back 105

changes in one or a few more nucleotides occuring at a single point in the DNA sequence.

Front 106

3 Point mutations

Back 106

Substitution- one nitrogen base is changed to another

Insertion - one base is inserted

Deletion - one base removed

Front 107

Frameshift Mutations

Back 107

mutations that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Front 108

Chromosome mutation

Back 108

involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, may change the locations of genes on chromosomes or number of copies of some genes

Front 109

Four types of chromosomal mutations

Back 109

1. Deleting - loses part of a chromosome

2. Duplication - produces extra copies of chromosome parts

3. Inversion - reverses the direction of parts of the chromosome

4. Translocation- part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to another different chromosome

Front 110

Polyploidy

Back 110

condition in which an organism has an extra set of chromosomes

#bad in animals

#good in plants