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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the centromere?
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It is the region where two sister chromatids are tightly joined together.
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what are the differences between chromatids and chromosomes?
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Chromatids are a combination of DNA molecules and protein molecules and chromosomes are basically condensed chromatids.
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what are the events of the cell cycle? what happens in each event?
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Interphase: it is the stage where the cell carries out its metabolic processes and preforms its functions. It can be in the stage up to 90% of the time. Prophase: It is the stage where chromosomes become visible. Metaphase: It is the stage where all the chromosomes gather in a plane across the middle. Anaphase: It is the stage where the chromatids separate and become identical daughter chromosomes. Telophase: It is the process of prophase reversed. The spindles disappear and two nuclear envelopes reform around each set of daughter chromosomes. Cytokinesis: It is the process in which the cytoplasm is divided into two.
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what is the phase where chromosome line up on the middle of the cell?
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metaphase
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what is one difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?
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The difference in cytokinesis in plant and in animal’s cells is that in plant cells it occurs differently because the plant cell had cell plates, while animal cells do not.
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what are the two kinds of tumors?
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6. There are benign tumors, which are an abnormal mass of essentially normal cells, and there are malignant tumors, which are masses of cells that result from reproduction of cancer cells.
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what are the kinds of cells produced by meiosis?
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Meiosis produces gametes, in sexual reproduction. Gametes can also be called sex cells.
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what is the reason that crossing over rarely occurs in mitosis?
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It rarely occurs in mitosis because mitosis is where things are produced asexually and when reproducing asexually, there is no genetic material exchanged.
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what is the name of the event in the cell cycle where DNA is replicated?
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mitosis
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what is the stages of mitosis and what happens in each stage?
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The steps of mitosis are: Interphase: it is the stage where the cell carries out its metabolic processes and preforms its functions. It can be in the stage up to 90% of the time. Prophase: It is the stage where chromosomes become visible. Metaphase: It is the stage where all the chromosomes gather in a plane across the middle. Anaphase: It is the stage where the chromatids separate and become identical daughter chromosomes. Telophase: It is the process of prophase reversed. The spindles disappear and two nuclear envelopes reform around each set of daughter chromosomes. Cytokinesis: It is the process in which the cytoplasm is divided into two.
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what is the cause of cancer?
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It is a disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle.
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what is the number of cells produced by meiosis and mitosis?
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Meiosis produces 4 cells and mitosis produces 2 offspring cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
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what is the name of the type of cell division that produces gametes?
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Meiosis
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what is the reason that the dominant trait occurs in the F1 but both dominant and recessive traits appear in the F2?
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Because F1 got both the dominant and recessive traits, but only showed the dominant, and when it produced offspring, it created both dominant and recessive.
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what is the principal of probability used to predict?
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It is used to predict the offspring phenotype, and all the genetic outcomes.
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what is the principal of segregation? independent assortment?
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It is that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles from each parent separate and only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring.
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what is the type of inheritance for skin color? hair color? height?
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It is a polygenic inheritance because two or more genes affect that outcome.
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what is the inheritance pattern of purple and white flowers? albinism?
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P- purple p- white. The inheritance pattern is 3:1 and it is a dominant recessive trait.
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what is homozygous? heterozygous?
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Homozygous is having identical alleles for genes and heterozygous is having different alleles for a gene
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what is not shown on a Punnett square?
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The punnet square doesn’t show the actual outcome of the offspring, it only shows the prediction.
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what is the reason Gregor Mendel removed the male parts of flowers when crossing pea plants?
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He removed them because he wanted to test his theory of self-breeding.
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What is the basic idea of Griffith's work? Avery's work?
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Griffith did a sires of tests on mice and he injected them with different mixtures of strains and he eventually figured out that the strains that were deadly before, where changed into harmless strains, and that there was a heritable change. Avery tested to see if protein was the transforming factor by using Griffith’s strains mixed with protein-destroying enzymes and they grew bacterial colonies. They concluded that protein couldn’t be the transforming factor because the colonies were still transformed. They concluded that DNA was the transforming factor.
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what are the nucleotides found in DNA? in RNA?
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DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, made of sugars and phosphates groups.
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what are strand components if a new strand of DNA?
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It is composed of ribose, phosphate groups, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and adenine. It is structured in the double helix shape.
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what are the base-pairing rule in DNA? in RNA?
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The base-pairing rule for DNA is that thymine always pairs with adenine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. The rule for RNA is that adenine always pairs with uracil and guanine always pairs with cytosine.
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what is the process of transcription? where does it occur? what is produced?
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The process of transcription is when the DNA’s nucleotide sequence is converted to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule. It occurs in the cell nucleus. It produces single-stranded RNA molecules.
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what is the process of translation? where does it occur? what is produced?
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Translation is the process in which nucleic acids are translated into amino acids. It occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and it produces amino acids.
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what are the molecules that control transcription and translation?
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?
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what are the number of codons that are needed to produce three amino acids?
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You would need 9 codons to produce 3 amino acids.
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what is the main product that genes code for?
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?
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what is the sugar in RNA? in DNA?
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The sugar in RNA is ribose and the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.
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what is the name of the base found in RNA but not DNA?
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The base that is found in RNA that isn’t found in DNA is uracil.
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what are the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
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There is tRNA (transfer RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA.)
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what is the name of RNA that serves as a blue print for protein synthesis?
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The type of RNA that serves as a blue print for protein synthesis is rRNA.
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what is the main function of the Human Genome project?
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The main function of the human genome project is to understand he human genome and understanding this will help is identify genes that will diagnosing, treat, and possibly preventing diseases. It will also help with human health.
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what is the normal number of chromosomes in humans?
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The normal amount of chromosomes in a human is 46/ or 23 pairs.
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what is the main thing that can be determined from a karyotype?
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The main thing that you can determine is if you have any chromosomal defects, such as trisomy 21 or down syndrome, etc.
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what is nondisjunction?
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Nondisjunction is when a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis.
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what are open circles in a pedigree? what are shaded circles or squares?
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An open circle represents the dominant trait and shaded circles or squares represent the recessive trait.
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what is the major functions of pedigrees?
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The main function of a pedigree is to trace the occurrence of a trait(s) in a family.
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what is the reason that a person cannot be a carrier for Huntington's disease?
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The main reason that a person cannot be a carrier for Huntington’s disease is because it is a dominant trait and it always shows.
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what is the location of the gene for colorblindness? can a women be colorblind?
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The location for colorblindness is on the X-chromosome. It is possible for women to be colorblind but it is very difficult because female only have one X-chromosome.
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what is the inheritance pattern for down syndrome? can a women's age cause down syndrome?
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There is no inheritance pattern for Down syndrome because it is an unpredictable event. As women get older it is more likely for the baby to have Down syndrome.
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what is the reason colorblindness is more frequent in males?
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Colorblindness is more common in males because colorblindness occurs on the X-chromosome, and males have 2 X-chromosomes, rather than females only having 1, so therefore it is more common in males.
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what is the genotype of a carrier of a recessive disorder?
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The genotype for a recessive carrier would be big letter, little letter.
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what is involved in genetic modification(recombinant DNA)?
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Things that are involved are genetic counselors, genetics laboratory technician, and clinical researchers.
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what is the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in genetically modifying plants?
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The role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is to introduce new genes into the plant cells.
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what are the kinds of cells used to make animal clones?
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In genetically modifying animals, egg cells and sperm cells are used.
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what are Gel electrifies used for?
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Gel electrophoresis is used for sorting molecules or fragments of molecules by length.
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what is the pattern of movement of DNA fragments in G.E?
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The shorter fragments move faster through the gel electrophoresis.
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what is the advantage of producing transgenic plants?
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The advantage of producing transgenic plants is basically to make the plant better, riper, resistant to herbicide, and other things like that.
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what s the major function of the lac operon? in what organism does it occur?
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The major function of lac operon is to prevent the repressor from binding to the promoter.
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what is saved by the function of lac operon?
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what is the major continent that Charles Darwin visited?
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Charles Darwin visited South America on the voyage around the world.
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what is the name of the bird that he observed?
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He observed the Galapagos Finches.
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what is the name of the structure on the birds that he observed closely?
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what is the process by which the beaks of the birds changed to adapt to the different food supply on the Galapagos islands?
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The process in which the beaks changed is adaptation. They reproduce and eventually the offspring will have become adapted to their food and habitats.
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what is the contribution to evolutionary theory that was made by Charles Lyell?
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He proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today’s earth.
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what is artificial selection?
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Artificial selection is the selective breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that human’s value.
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what is natural selection?
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Natural Selection is the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals.
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what is use and disuse?
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what is a gene pool?
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a gene pool consists of all the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population.
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what are acquired characteristics?
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Acquired Characteristics is using or not using certain body parts, an organisms develops certain characteristics. He thought that these enhanced characteristics would be passed onto the offspring.
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what is biological fitness?
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Biological fitness is the contribution that and individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, compared to the contributions of other individuals.
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what are vestigial structures?
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Vestigial structures are remnants of structures that may have had important functions in an ancestral species, but have no clear function in some of the modern descendants.
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what is the main idea contributed by Thomas Malthus?
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He concluded that much of human suffering, such as diseases, famine, and homelessness, was due to the human population’s potential to grow.
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what are antibiotics used for?
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Antibiotics are used to help prevent sickness, and diseases.
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what is genetic drift? what changes the allele frequencies?
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Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. The alleles could be change by the bottleneck effect where natural disasters reduce a population and some of the alleles are eliminated, or there could be the flounder effect where a few individuals colonize on an isolated island.
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what are the two main ideas that Darwin's theory of evolution based on?
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His two main points are that species of organisms living on earth today descended from ancestral species and those adaptations diverse the way of life.
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what is the conclusion that Peter and Rosemary Grant made about the finch beak size?
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Their conclusion is that during the dry years the finches’ beaks will become bigger, because the bigger beaks can crack the hard nuts easier.
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what is a population?
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It is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.
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what is geographic isolation?
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It is the separation of populations as a result of geographic change or migration to geographically isolated places.
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what is behavioral isolation?
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It is where two species don’t mate because of the courtship behavior.
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what are examples of fossils?
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Some examples of fossils are bones, shells, and teeth. Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks.
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what is the environment where fossils form the best?
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Fossils are formed the best in water.
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what s the adaptive radiation?
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It is the evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments.
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what is convergent evolution?
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It is the process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar.
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what is divergent evolution?
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It is the process by which a species evolves into two or more descendant or different forms.
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what is punctuated equilibrium?
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It is an evolutionary model suggesting species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed by long periods of little change.
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what are cladistics?
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It is the classifying of organisms based of the derived characteristics.
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what is the dominant land animals during the jurassic and cretaceous periods?
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?
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what is a genus composed of?
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It includes structurally or phylogenetically related species or an isolated species exhibiting unusual differentiation.
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what is a cladogram used for?
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It is a phylogenetic tree constructed from a series of two-way branch points, suggesting ancestral relationships among species.
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what are the characteristic shared by the members of the kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, an Animalia?
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The similarity is that in all these kingdoms they all have eukaryotic cells instead of having prokaryotic cells.
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what is the biosphere?
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It is all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things.
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what is the ecosystem?
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It is the community of living thins plus the nonliving features of the environment that support them.
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what is a community?
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It is all the organisms living in an area.
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what is the population?
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It is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.
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what is the biome that has the least precipitation?
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The desert receives the least amount of precipitation.
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what is the way mountain ranges can cause rain forests on one side and desert on the others?
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The rain rains all out on one side and by the time it gets to the other side of the mountain, there is no more precipitation left, so therefore causing a desert.
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what is a microcliamte?
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It is the climate in a specific area that varies from the surrounding climate region.
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what is the way biomes are identified?
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what is the name of a biome that is characterized by high winds, low temperatures, and permafrost?
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It is called Tundra.
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what are abiotic factors?
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It is a nonliving physical or chemical condition in an environment.
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what are biotic factors?
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It is any living part of the environment.
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what are the causes of global wind patterns?
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what are standing water ecosystems?
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what is a niche?
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It is a unique living arrangement of an organism defined by its habits, food sources, time of day it is most attractive, and other factors.
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what is predatation?
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It is an organism that captures another organism.
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what is symbiosis?
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It is two organisms that live together.
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what is mutualism?
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It is a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms involved benefit.
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what are the series of changes called that occur in a community over time?
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what are the results of a population that grows larger than the carrying capacity?
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what is a limiting factor?
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It is a condition that restricts a population’s growth, such as space, disease, and food availability.
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what is a test cross?
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It is mating of an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual.
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what is a genome?
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It is a complete set of an organism’s genetic material.
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what are jumping genes?
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Jumping genes, otherwise know as transposons are genes that land in the middle of other genes and they disrupt them.
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what is cellular differentiation?
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It is increasing specialization in structure and function of cells during development of a multicellular organism.
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what is an operon?
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It is a cluster of genes and their control sequences.
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what are restriction enzymes? what are producing recombinant plasmids?
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It is an enzyme that cuts sugar-phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone at specific points within particular nucleotide sequences in DNA.
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what are controlled by homeotic genes?
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?
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who is alfred wallace?
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He was a British naturalist that came to the same conclusion as Darwin.
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what is microevolution?
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It is evolution on the smallest scale-a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population.
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what are the five levels of ecological study?
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The five levels are
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what is characterized by year round high temperatures and high rainfall levels?
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?
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what is the name of the greatest university in the universe?
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KU
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what is the name of the smartest and most handsome cat in the universe?
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Stiff Kitty
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what is the name of the individual who lives in a flask, has a cell phone, and does tricks?
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Oscar
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what is the name of the cat that came to an unfortunate end on Mr. B's back door step?
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Buttercup
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