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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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charaphytes |
green algae ring/rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis flagellated sperm formation of a phargomplast |
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benefits of land plants |
unflitered sun more CO2 nutrient rich soil few herbicores or pathogens |
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challenges of land plants |
a scarcity of water and lack of structural support |
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traits in land plants |
alteration of generations walled spores produced in sporangia multicellular gametangia apical meristems |
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alternation of generations |
plants alternate between 2 multicellular stages gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis fusion of the gametes gives rise to diploid sporophyte which makes haploid spores by meiosis |
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sporangia |
spores in organs produced by sporophyte spore walls contain sporopllenin which makes them resistant to harsh environments |
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gametangia |
organs that produce gametes |
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archegonia |
female gametangia produce eggs site of fertilization |
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antheridida |
male gametangia sperm production and release |
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apical meristems |
plants sustain continual growth in these |
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bryophytes |
non vascular plants |
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seedless vascular plant clades |
lycophytes, moniliphytes |
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lycophytes |
club mosses and relatives live in moist swamps |
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monilophytes |
ferns and relatives thrive in temperate forests |
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non vascular plants |
liverworts hornworts mosses |
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vascular plants |
life cycle with dominant sporophytes vascular tissue-xylem and phloem well developed roots |
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xylem |
conducts movement of most of the water and minerals |
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phloem |
distributes sugars, amino acids |
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sporophylls |
modified leaves with sporangia |
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sori |
clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophytes |
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strobili |
cone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls |
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homosporous |
most seedless vascular plants producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte |
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heterosporous |
seed plants and some seedless produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes |
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seed |
consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
develops from the whole ovule |
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seed advantages over spores |
may remain dormant for days or years, until conditions are favorable may be dispersed long distances |
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common characteristics to all seed plants |
reduced gametophytes heterospory ovules pollen |
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megasporangia |
produce megaspores that produce female gametophytes |
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microsporangia |
porduce microspores that produce male gametophytes develop into pollen grains, which contain male gametophytes |
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ovule |
consists of a megasporangia, megaspore and one more protective integuments |
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conifers |
cone bearing gymnosperms |
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4 phyla of gymnosperms |
cycadophyta gingkophyta gnetophyta coniferophyta |
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phylum cycadophyta |
large cones and palm like leaves thrived during mesozoic, few today flagellated sperm |
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ginkgophyta |
high tolerance to air pollution dioecious-male and female flagellated sperm |
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gntophyta |
vary in appearance |
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coniferophyta |
largest evergreens and can carryout photosynthesis year round |
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gymnosperm life cycle |
dominance of the sporophyte generation development of seeds from fertilized ovules transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen |
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angiosperms |
seed plants reproductive structures:fruit and flowers most widespread and diverse of all plants single phylum: anthophyta |
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monocots |
one cotyledon |
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eudicots |
2 or more cotyledons |
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basal angiosperms |
less derived angiosperms include flowering plants water lilies and star anise |
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magnoliids |
more closely related to monocots and eudicots includes magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants |
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floral organs |
sepals petals stamens carpels |
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sepals |
enclose the flower |
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petals |
brightly colored to attract pollinators |
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stamens |
produce pollen on their terminal anthers |
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carpels |
produce ovules pistil: single carpel or group of fused carpels |
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complete flowers |
contain all 4 floral organs |
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incomplete flowers |
lack one or more floral organs |
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inflorescences |
clusters of flowers |
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double fertilization |
two sperm come from the pollen tube into the embryo sac one sperm fertilizes the egg, the other combines with the polar nuclei, forming the triploid food storing endosperm |
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parts of embryo |
cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle, epicotyl |
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cotyledons |
embryonic leaves |
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hypocotyl |
embryonic axis, attachment point for cotyledons |
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radicle |
embryonic root, below hypocotyl |
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epicotyl |
embryonic shoot above the cotyledons |
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simple fruit |
single or several fused carpels |
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aggregate fruit |
single flower with multiple separate carpels |
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multiple fruit |
from a group of flowers called inflorescence |
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roots |
multicellular organs anchor the plant absorb minerals and water store organic nutrients |
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taproot system |
one main vertical root |
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stems |
consists of nodes which leaves are attached to |
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apical bud |
located near tip of shoot and causes elongation of a young shoot |
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axillary bud |
structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch |
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leaf |
main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
