Biology Final Exam Study Guide!!!!!

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Hypothesis

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A tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation, investigation, and/or experimentation

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Scientific journal

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allows other scientists to determine what has been don previously and where their own research fits in the larger study

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Peer Review

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The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers to evaluate the contribution, importance, and accuracy of the manuscript's contents

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Theory

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a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation

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element

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pure substances that cannot be broken down further by chemical means (they are composed entirely of 1 type of atom)

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polymer

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a long or larger molecule consisting of a chain or network of many repeating units. Synthesized by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis

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monomer

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a relatively small molecule which can be covalently bonded to other monomers to form a polymer

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dehydration synthesis

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chemical reaction involving the loss of a water molecule as two molecules are bonded together (used during polymerization of monomers)

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hydrolysis

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chemical reaction that splits a large molecule into smaller ones and requires the addition of a water molecule

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diffusion (simple)

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a passive process of transport. A single substance tends to move from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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osmosis

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the movement of water through a semi-permable membrane according to the concentration gradient of water across the membrane

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aerobic respiration

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the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen- and glycolysis is their sole source of ATP.

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The Scientific Method

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a method of discovering knowledge about the natural world based on making falsifiable predictions, testing them, and developing theories that match known data from repeatable physical experimentation

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CHON

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make up 96% of the human body and most life:

Oxygen -65%

Carbon - 18%

Hydrogen- 10%

Nitrogen - 3%

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4 types of organic macromolecules

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Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

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Lipids

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long-term shortage of energy

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Proteins

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polymers made from amino acid monomers. requires proper shape to function

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DNA and RNA

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polymers made from nucleotide monomers. Consist of strand of nucleotides (AGTC) bonded in a 5' to 3' direction

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First law of thermodynamics

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energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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ligand

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a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process

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receptor protein

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a molecule usually found embedded within the plasma membrane surface of a cell that receives chemical signals from outside the cell.

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signal transduction

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propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm ( and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell

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haploid

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cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n). Undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote

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diploid

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cell,nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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gamete

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haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

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zygote

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is cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction.

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crossing over

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process by which homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal physical exchanges at their arms. recombines genetic information from the 2 parents

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dominant/recessive

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to a genetic feature that hides the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual / an allele that causes a phenotype.

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allele

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gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

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homozygous

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having two identical alles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

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heterozygous

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having two different alles for a given gene of on the homologous chromosome

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genotype/phenotype

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underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism/ observable traits expressed by an organism

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linked genes

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alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together

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Mitotic cell cycle

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produces 2 cells with identical genetic information

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Chargaff's Rule

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A=T and G=C. Bases are complementary

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semi-conservative replication

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each of the two parental DNA strands acts as template for new DNA to be synthesized; after replication, each double-stranded DNA includes on parental or "old" strand and one "new" strand.

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transcription

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process through which messenger RNA forms a template of DNA

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Translation

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process through which RNA directs the formation of protein

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mRNA

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coped from the DNA, is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and contains info for the construction of protiens

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tRNA

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RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

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codon

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three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

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The Genetic Code

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the DNA alphabet (ATCG), the RNA alphaget (AUCG) and the polypeptide alphabet (20 amino acids)

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mutation

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changes to an organism's DNA and are an important drive of diversity in populations.

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Fossils

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the preserved remains of once-living organisms - the age of fossils can be estimated

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phylogeny

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adding new intermediate forms, allowing a better picture of how organisms are related to one another

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homology

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structures with different appearances and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor

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microevolution

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changes in allele frequences/phenotypes within a population. Happens quickly

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macroevolution

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(speciation) requires a considerable amount of time to witness

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Evolution

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the core concept that allows proper understanding of biology

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Biology

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the study of life