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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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To be useful in science, a hypothesis must be... |
Testable |
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A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of evidence/experiments/observations, with no evidence against it is a (an) |
Scientific Theory |
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Control Group |
The group used for comparison; sometimes a "non-treatment" or "normal condition" |
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Controlled Experiment |
Used to test a hypothesis by changing only one variable at a time |
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Dependant variable |
The variable that changes in response to the independent variable |
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Independent variable |
The variable that is deliberately changed by the experimenter |
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Constants or Constant variable |
Variables that must be kept the same during an experiment |
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What type of graph do you use for what type of data? |
Line: change over time Bar: categorical data |
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On which axis of a graph do variables go? |
Dependent on y Independent on x |
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Name the 5 characteristics of living things: |
1. Have cells 2. Are able to reproduce 3. Adapt to environment 4. Use energy 5. Grow and develope |
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Macromolecule
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large biological molecules
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Nucleotide
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building blocks of DNA or NRA
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Lipid
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group of macromolecules used for main cell membrane structure and for energy storage
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Carbohydrate
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group of macromolecules used for main source of energy
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Protein
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group of macromolecules used for muscles, cell membranes, fighting disease
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Nucleic Acid
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group of macromolecules used for heredity
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Enzyme
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proteins that speed up chemical reactions that end in "-ase"
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Compound/molecule
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group of elements joined in a specific proportion
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Amino Acid
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building blocks of proteins
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Function of Protein
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Fight infection, speed up reactions, transport materials, muscles
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Function of Lipid
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Main component of cell membrane, energy storage
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Function of Carbohydrate
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Main source of energy
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Function of Nucleic Acid
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Heredity
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Location in cell of Protein
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throughout cell
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Location in cell of Lipid
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throughout cell
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Location in cell of Carbohydrate
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throughout cell
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Location in cell of Nucleic Acid
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nucleus (DNA) throughout cell (RNA) |
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Example of Protein
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Enzymes, antibodies, muscles
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Example of Lipid
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Phospholipids and fats
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Example of Carbohydrate
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glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose
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Example of Nucleic Acid
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DNA, RNA
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Subunits of Protein
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Amino Acids
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Subunits of Lipid
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None
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Subunits of Carbohydrate
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Monosaccharides
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Subunits of Nucleic Acid
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Nucleotides
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What is pH a measure of?
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measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
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Why are enzymes important to living things? What type of macromolecules are they?
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Enzymes are proteins They play an important role in: -regulating chemical pathways -making materials that cells need -releasing energy |
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How does an enzyme work?
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It works as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in cells Enzymes provide an active site where subtrates can be brought together to react The shape of the enzyme fits the shape of its substrate (like a lock and key) and determines its function |
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What is the solvent in your body and in all cells
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Water
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What's formed when a solute and solvent are mixed until the solute particles are evenly distributed?
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a solution
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Why is water important for all living things?
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It is the solvent for all living things and living things are made of mostly water |
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Why are humans living things?
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Humans fit the five characteristics of all living things
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Three parts of Cell Theory
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1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells |
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Phospholipid Diagram
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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Regulate which substances enter and exit the cell and provide structure
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What molecules make up the cell membrane?
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Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol
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Which molecule is the most abundant in the cell membrane?
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Phospholipids are most abundant
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Describe each component of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
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It describes the characteristics of the membrane. The membrane is fluid, always moving, flexible in structure, cholesterol makes it fluid, considered mosaic because a mosaic is something that is made of many different pieces to forma the whole, cell membrane is made of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
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The cell membrane maintains homeostasis by selectively allowing certain molecules to _____ and others to _____.
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enter the cell exit the cell |
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What molecules make the membrane fluid?
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Cholesterol make sup about 50% of the lipids in the bilayer to help maintain fluidity of the membrane
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What molecules are important for transporting substances across the membrane?
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Proteins regulate transport across membrane
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Compare and Contrast passive vs. active transport
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Active transport uses energy to move from low to high concentration Passive transport does not require use of cellular energy to transport from high to low concentration |
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Protein Pumps
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assists in active transport
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Protein Channels
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allows materials to passively transport materials
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Trans-membrane Proteins
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proteins that pass through the entire cell membrane
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Hypertonic Solution
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the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell; water leaves the cell
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Hypotonic Solution
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the concentration of solutes is less outside of the cell; water enters the cell
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Isotonic Solution
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the concentrations of solutes outside of the cell and inside the cell are equal; cell size stays the same
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Tonicity
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the concentration of solution outside the cell compared to inside the cell
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If a cell were placed in a Hypertonic Solution...
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cell shrinks as water leaves
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If a cell were placed in a Hypotonic Solution...
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cell swells as water enters
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If a cell were placed in an Isotonic Solution...
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cell stays the same
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Insulin
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a peptide hormone produced in the pancreas to regulate glucose levels
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How does Insulin work?
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Insulin binds to receptors of the membrane that send signals to the nucleus to actively transport proteins in the membrane to allow glucose to enter the cell Example of facilitated diffusion |
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Diabetes
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A disease caused by an unbalanced glucose level
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Two types of Diabetes
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Type 1: caused by genetics, unable to produce enough insulin, glucose is unable to enter the cell Type 2: caused by diet or lack of exercise, cells are not responsive to insulin being produced |
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Cell |
the basic unit of all forms of life
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Cell Membrane
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a thin, flexible barrier composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, located around the cell; controls movement of materials into and out of the cell
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Cell Wall
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strong layer around the cell membrane that provides structure in plants |
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Nucleus
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large structure that contains the cell's genetic information
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Cytoplasm
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fluid material inside the cell membrane
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Prokaryote
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an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus nor membrane-bound organelles
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Eukaryote
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an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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Organelle
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specialized structures within a cell that perform important cell functions
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Chloroplast
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uses energy from sunlight to make sugars (food) |
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Mitochondria
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modifies chemical energy from food to usable forms of energy; powerhouse |
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Phospholipid
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main structural component of the cell membrane
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Bacteria
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an example of a prokaryote
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Ribosome
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the place where proteins are assembled/made
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Use the following terms to compare prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells: Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, Cell wall, No nucleus, Single-celled, Bacteria, Small in size, Nucleus, Complex, Large in size, Multi-cellular, Plants, Animals, Fungi |
Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus, bacteria, small in size Eukaryotic Cells: Nucleus, complex, large in size, multi-cellular, plants, animals, fungi Same: DNA, cell wall (plants and some prokaryotes), single-celled (all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes) |
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Use the following terms to compare Plant and Animal cells: Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, Nucleus, Centrioles, Ribosomes, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton |
Plant Cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles Animal Cells: centrioles, small vacuoles Both: nucleus: nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoskeleton |
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Double Helix |
the molecular shape of DNA containing 2 strands that are held together by paired bases
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Adenine
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the nucleotide that bonds with thymine |
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Replication fork
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the point where two DNA chains separate to be replicated
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Helicase
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enzyme that opens up the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds
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Mutation
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a change (mistake) made in the original DNA sequence
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Nucleotide
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monomer/subunit of nucleic acids
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Deoxyribose
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sugar found in a DNA molecule
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Chargoff's Rules of Base Pairing
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A's-T's and C's-G's
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DNA polymerase
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enzyme that creates new DNA strands and proofreads
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By which bond are Nitrogenous bases chemically bonded?
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Hydrogen bonds
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Write the complementary strand to: ATTCGGGTACTA What is the name of this process? |
TAAGCCCATGAT Replication |
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A region of DNA that tells the cell how to make a protein is called a/an
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gene
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What happens if a segment of DNA is deleted?
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the genetic information is lost
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If you have a segment of DNA that is composed of 28% Thymine, how much is there of the other 3 nitrogenous bases?
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28% Adenine 22% Guanine 22% Cytosine |
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Compare and contrast the DNA structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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DNA in prokaryotes- DNA is packaged into a single circular chromosome and is floating in the cytoplasm DNA in eukaryotes- DNA is found in nucleus and packaged into multiple linear chromosomes |
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What is the purpose of DNA Replication?
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To make copies of DNA before cell division
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Transcription
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-RNA polymerase separates a DNA molecule -mRNA molecule is made from a DNA template -adenine of a DNA strand is paired with a uracil of an mRNA strand |
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Translation
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-ribosome cradles an mRNA molecule while tRNA brings the appropriate amino acids -polypeptide chains are formed |
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Describe three differences between DNA and RNA
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-DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded -DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose RNA contains the ribose -DNA contains Thymine RNA contains Uracil |
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Which of the following will only bind to one specific type of amino acid and carry it to the ribosome? a. mRNA b. rRNA c. tRNA d. DNA e. RNAi |
tRNA
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Which bases would appear on an mRNA that is made from this DNA strand: TACCGGGTACTA What is this process called? |
AUGGCCCAUGAU Transcription |
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What is a codon and what is it used for?
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A codon is a set of three bases on the mRNA molecule that determines the amino acid in a protein chain
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Location of mRNA
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Starts in the nucleus and goes to ribosomes
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Function of mRNA
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the messenger RNA, created based on the vases in the DNA molecule, takes the message to the ribosomes
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Location of rRNA
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Ribosomes
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Function of rRNA
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Reads the mRNA to determine the bases that are present
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Location of tRNA
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Throughout Cell
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Function of tRNA
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Brings the proper amino acid to the ribosome, contains the anti-codon that is complementary to the codon on the mRNA
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What is the purpose of mitosis?
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Create a new, identical cell
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What is the difference between the time it takes for a prokaryote to divide and a eukaryote to divide?
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Prokaryotes divide faster because they are simpler (very few organelles)
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What is DNA and why is it important to the cell?
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DNA is the genetic information that contains the instructions for making proteins, which also determines our traits
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Why is the structure of DNA different in interphase and cell division?
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uncondensed
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A parent cell has a total of 8 chromosomes. At the beginning of mitosis, how many chromatids will there be? How many chromosomes would the daughter cells have after mitosis? |
16 sister Chromatids (two copies of each chromosome) at the start of mitosis. Each daughter cell will contain 8 chromosomes after mitosis. |
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Do all cells divide? Use an example.
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Most cells do, but at different rates. Once the cells of the spinal cords reach maturity, they don't divide
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Chromatid
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condensed form of DNA that are visible under the microscope
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Centromere
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attaches the two sister chromatids in the center
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Interphase
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longest phase of the cell cycle, includes G1, S, and G2 phases
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Stem cell
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a cell that can differentiate into other types of cells (the potential cells)
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Mitosis
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process of the cell cycle in which cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells |
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Cytokinesis
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cytoplasm pinches in half
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Prophase
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the fist phase of mitosis- chromosomes condense
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Telophase
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last phase of mitosis- chromosomes gather at opposite ends & two nuclear membranes form
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What are the two main parts of the cell cycle?
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Interphase (the longest) and Mitosis (the cell division section)
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Describe the events of interphase
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G1- Part of interphase that includes cell growth. S- Part of interphase in which DNA copies itself. G2- Part of interphase that includes final preparation for cell division. |
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Describe Prophase
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-chromatin condenses and the chromosomes become visible -the nuclear membrane dissolves chromosomes coil up, nuclear envelope breaks up, centrioles move to poles |
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Describe Metaphase
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-the chromosomes move to the equator of the cell |
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Describe Anaphase
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-Chromosomes are separated into chromatids -the chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
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Describe Telophase
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-nuclear membrane starts to reform -chromatids unwind and elongate to chromatin |
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Describe Cytokinesis
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-cytoplasm divides in 2 daughter cells -the cytoplasm pinches off in animal cells -a cell plate forms to separate cytoplasm in plant cells |
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When are chromosomes visible?
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During prophase when the chromosomes uncoil
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Which phases make up M-phase?
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Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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What does a chromosome with two sister chromatids look like?
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46 chromosomes
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Which part of the cell cycle takes the longest and why?
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Interphase because it is the cell's maturation period. It grows, duplicates DNA, and prepares for division. |
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What's the difference between cell division of plant and animal cells?
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In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis before the cell wall. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms during cytokinesis. This is when the cell membrane folds on itself. |
