Biology Final Exam

Front 1

Teratogen

Back 1

An agent, such as a virus, drug, or radiation, that can cause malformations or functional damage to an embryo or fetus.

Front 2

Mutation

Back 2

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of the gene. The product of this can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded in the genes.

Front 3

Inheritance

Back 3

The reception of genetic qualities by transmission of parent to offspring.

Front 4

Metabolic Disease

Back 4

a combination of medical disorders that, when occurring together, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Front 5

Environmental

Back 5

The circumstances, objects, and conditions by which an organism is surrounded.

Front 6

Genetic

Back 6

Relating to genes or heredity

Front 7

Organogenesis

Back 7

The process by which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. It continues until the definitive characteristics of the organ are achieved.

Front 8

Congenital

Back 8

existing at or dating from birth as a result of hereditary or environmental influences.

Front 9

Critical Period

Back 9

A time in the life of the fetus where it is more susceptible to negative stimuli. If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimuli during this period, it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in life.

Front 10

Neural Tube

Back 10

A hallow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form in the embryonic stage

Front 11

Etiology

Back 11

The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

Front 12

Multifactoral Etiology

Back 12

Arising from the result of the interaction of several genes and usually, to some extent, of nongenetic factors.

Front 13

Cell Differentiation

Back 13

The process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to posses a more distinct form and function

Front 14

Morphogenesis

Back 14

the evolution and development of form, as the development of the shape of a particular organ or part of the body

Front 15

Malformations

Back 15

A deformity, an abnormality formed on a part of the body.

Front 16

Cell

Back 16

The basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing.

Front 17

Stem Cell

Back 17

A cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and also gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one or more specialized types.

Front 18

Tissue

Back 18

In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function.

Front 19

Organ

Back 19

A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.

Front 20

Organ System

Back 20

In multicelled organisms, set of organs engaged in a collective task that keeps the body functioning properly.

Front 21

Organism

Back 21

An individual form of life, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, protist, or fungus; a body made up of organs, organelles, or other parts that work together to carry on the various processes of life.

Front 22

Extracellular Fluid

Back 22

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid that is not inside cells; serves as the body's internal environment.

Front 23

Interstitial Fluid

Back 23

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid in spaces between cells.

Front 24

Plasma

Back 24

The colorless fluid part of the blood, lymph. or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.

Front 25

Epithelial Tissue

Back 25

Membraneous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body.

Front 26

Basement Membrane

Back 26

a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium, which lines the cavities and surfaces of organs including skin, or the endothelium, which lines the interior surface of blood vessels.

Front 27

Microvilli

Back 27

Thin projections from the plasma membrane of some epithelial cells; increase the cell's surface area.

Front 28

Gland Cell

Back 28

Secretory epithelial cell.

Front 29

Duct

Back 29

a passage with well-defined walls, especially a tubular structure for the passage of excretions or secretions.

Front 30

Endocrine Gland

Back 30

A gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream

Front 31

Exocrine Gland

Back 31

A gland that secretes its products through ducts or canals, such as sweatglands or mammary glands.

Front 32

Carcinoma

Back 32

A cancer that begins in epithelial tissue

Front 33

Connective Tissue

Back 33

Animal tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix; structurally and functionally supports other tissues.

Front 34

Cartilage

Back 34

Connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of their own secretions OR Rubbery connective tissue that is a component of vertebrate skeletons.

Front 35

Bone

Back 35

Connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own secretions.

Front 36

Blood

Back 36

Circulatory fluid; in vertebrates it is a fluid connective tissue consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Front 37

Adipose Tissue

Back 37

Connective tissue that specializes in fat storage

Front 38

Muscle fiber

Back 38

Contractile cell that runs the length of a muscle.

Front 39

Cardiac Muscle

Back 39

Muscle of the heart wall.

Front 40

Skeletal Muscle

Back 40

A muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.

Front 41

Smooth Muscle

Back 41

Involuntary non-striated muscle. It is divided into two sub-groups; the single-unit (unitary) and multiunit smooth muscle

Front 42

Nervous Tissue

Back 42

Tissue composed of neurons.

Front 43

Neuron

Back 43

A specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites.

Front 44

Neurological Cell

Back 44

Cell that supports and assists neurons

Front 45

Neurotransmitter

Back 45

Chemical signal released by axon terminals of a neuron.

Front 46

Epistasis

Back 46

Effect in which a trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes.

Front 47

Polygenic

Back 47

traits influenced by multiple genes

Front 48

Autosomes

Back 48

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

Front 49

Totipotent Stem Cells

Back 49

cells that can form any tissue or develop into a new individual

Front 50

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Back 50

cells that can still form any tissue.

Front 51

Striated

Back 51

The striped appearance of muscle fiber

Front 52

Fibroblast

Back 52

the most common cells in soft connective tissues, secrete a matrix of complex carbohydrates and long fibers of the proteins collagen and elastin.