Biology Final: Circulatory

Front 1

circulatory (cardiovascular) system

Back 1

composed of a pump (heart), fluid (blood), and conduits (blood vessels).

Front 2

gastrovascular cavity

Back 2

highly branched combination gut and circulatory system found in some aquatic animals that provide max SA for exchange.

Front 3

open circulatory systems

Back 3

the blood or circulating fluid is not kept separate from the tissue fluid.

Front 4

closed circulatory system

Back 4

keeps the blood and tissue fluid separate.

Front 5

pacemaker cells

Back 5

initiate action potentials without nervous stimulation.

Front 6

sinoatrial node

Back 6

located at the juncture of the superior vena cava and the right atrium;primary pacemaker

Front 7

electrocardiogram (EKG)

Back 7

a record of electrical events in cardiac muscle during the cardiac cycle.

Front 8

resistance vessels

Back 8

arteries and arterioles.

Front 9

Capillary beds

Back 9

lie between arterioles and venules and exchange materials between blood and tissue fluid through their thin walls.

Front 10

fenestrations

Back 10

fine holes in capillary walls

Front 11

Starling’s forces

Back 11

two opposing forces that results in water balance in the capillary beds. (BP and Colloidal Osmotic pressure)

Front 12

colloidal osmotic pressure

Back 12

osmotic pressure created by the large protein molecules in the capillary which draws water into the capillary

Front 13

edema

Back 13

tissue swelling

Front 14

blood–brain barrier

Back 14

highly selective barrier in the brain that allows bery few substances besides lipid-soluble molecules (e.g., alcohol) through capillaries of the brain.

Front 15

capacitance vessels

Back 15

veins are called this because of their high capacity to store blood.

Front 16

Frank-Starling law

Back 16

If a greater volume of blood is returned to the heart, which stretches the cardiac muscle cells, the heart contracts more forcefully

Front 17

Lymphatic system

Back 17

Move tissue fluid that accumulates outside of capillaries.

Front 18

Lymph

Back 18

moves from small to larger vessels and finally empties into the thoracic ducts that empty into large veins at the base of the neck.

Front 19

atherosclerosis

Back 19

hardening of arteries.

Front 20

plaque

Back 20

deposits that form in damaged sites when the smooth internal lining of arteries becomes damaged,

Front 21

thrombus

Back 21

blood clot

Front 22

coronary thrombosis

Back 22

blood clot in artery; causes heart attack.

Front 23

embolism

Back 23

when part of a thrombus breaks off and travels away.

Front 24

stroke

Back 24

occurs when when a piece of a blood clot gets lodged in a brain vessel.

Front 25

plasma

Back 25

fluid matrix of blood

Front 26

serum

Back 26

plasma without clotting proteins.

Front 27

hematocrit

Back 27

a measure of the cellular portions as a percentage of the total blood volume.

Front 28

erythropoietin

Back 28

a hormone from the kidney, in response to hypoxia -inducible factor (a transcription factor inducing EP) produced by tissues experiencing hypoxia.
Controls production of RBC.

Front 29

megakaryocytes

Back 29

Megakaryocytes break off cell fragments called platelets.

Front 30

precapillary sphincters

Back 30

Means by which smooth muscle in the arteriole may constrict or relax.

Front 31

hyperemia

Back 31

excess blood; brings in more O2 and takes away CO2

Front 32

atrial natriuretic factor

Back 32

when atria are receiving too much venous return, they release this hormone which stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and water, resulting in a reduced volume and pressure.

Front 33

Chemoreceptors

Back 33

in the aorta and carotid arteries; stimulates the medulla regulatory system.

Front 34

diving reflex

Back 34

During a dive, (a) the heart rate slows (diving bradycardia), and (b) all major blood vessels are constricted except those critical to survival under water (brain).