Biology Final Chapters 2,3,4,5,18,16,17,12,13,11,14,15

Front 1

electron

Back 1

negatively charged particle; located in the space surrounding the nucleus

Front 2

element

Back 2

pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

Front 3

isotope

Back 3

one of several forms of a single element, which contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Front 4

ionic bond

Back 4

chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 5

van der waals forces

Back 5

slight attraction that develops between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Front 6

mixture

Back 6

mixture composed of two or more elements of compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined.

Front 7

acid,base

Back 7

acid=pH of less than 7
base=pH of more than 7

Front 8

monomer

Back 8

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

Front 9

nucleotide

Back 9

sub unit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 10

substrate

Back 10

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Front 11

biome

Back 11

a group of organisms that share similar climates and typical organisms

Front 12

biosphere

Back 12

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Front 13

ecology

Back 13

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.

Front 14

chemosynthesis

Back 14

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydates

Front 15

detrivore

Back 15

organisms that feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

Front 16

primary producer

Back 16

first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

Front 17

ecological pyramid

Back 17

illustration of the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain of food web

Front 18

biomass

Back 18

total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

Front 19

biogeochemical cycle

Back 19

process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from on part of the biosphere to another

Front 20

nitrogen fixation

Back 20

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use

Front 21

microclimate

Back 21

environmental conditions within a small area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area

Front 22

greenhouse effect

Back 22

the process in which certain gases trap sunlight energy in Earths atmosphere as heat

Front 23

keystone species

Back 23

single species that is not usually abundant in a community yer exerts strong control on the structure of the community

Front 24

niche

Back 24

full range of physical and biological conditions in which and organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

Front 25

tolerance

Back 25

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce under circumstances that differ from their optimal conditions

Front 26

ecological succession

Back 26

series of gradual changes that occur in a community following a disturbance

Front 27

primary succession

Back 27

succession that occurs in an are in which no trace of a previous community is present

Front 28

deciduous

Back 28

term used to refer to a type of tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year

Front 29

coniferous

Back 29

term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles

Front 30

humus

Back 30

material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

Front 31

exponential growth

Back 31

growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant

Front 32

logistic growth

Back 32

growth pattern in which a populations growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

Front 33

carrying capacity

Back 33

largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support.

Front 34

limiting factor

Back 34

factor that causes population growth to decrease

Front 35

density-dependent limiting factor

Back 35

limiting factor that depends of population density

Front 36

density-independent limiting factor

Back 36

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population density

Front 37

demography

Back 37

scientific study of human populations

Front 38

demographic transition

Back 38

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Front 39

population density

Back 39

number of individuals per unit area

Front 40

age structure

Back 40

the number of males and females of each age a population contains

Front 41

binomial moneclature

Back 41

classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Front 42

taxon

Back 42

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

Front 43

systematics

Back 43

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Front 44

phylogeny

Back 44

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Front 45

monophyletic group

Back 45

group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor

Front 46

cladogram

Back 46

diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species.

Front 47

archaea

Back 47

domain consisting of unicellular, prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Front 48

eukarya

Back 48

domain consisting of all organisms that have a nucleus

Front 49

domain

Back 49

a larger, more inclusive taxonomic category than a kingdom

Front 50

clade

Back 50

evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants

Front 51

evolution

Back 51

change over time

Front 52

fossil

Back 52

preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

Front 53

artificial selection

Back 53

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offsprings

Front 54

adaptation

Back 54

heritable traits that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

Front 55

fitness

Back 55

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Front 56

natural selection

Back 56

process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully

Front 57

biogeography

Back 57

the study of past and present distribution of organisms

Front 58

homologous structure

Back 58

structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry

Front 59

analogous structure

Back 59

body parts that share a common function, but not structure

Front 60

vestigial structure

Back 60

structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function

Front 61

gene pool

Back 61

all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

Front 62

allele frequency

Back 62

the number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

Front 63

directional selection

Back 63

form of natural selection when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the end of the curve

Front 64

stabilizing selection

Back 64

form of selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve

Front 65

disruptive selection

Back 65

natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than the individuals near the middle of the curve

Front 66

hardy-weinberg principle

Back 66

principle that states that allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless one or more factors causes those frequencies to change

Front 67

founder effect

Back 67

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

Front 68

speciation

Back 68

formation of a new species

Front 69

species

Back 69

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Front 70

molecular clock

Back 70

method used by researchers that uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently

Front 71

transformation

Back 71

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Front 72

bacteriophage

Back 72

kind of virus that infects bacteria

Front 73

base pairing

Back 73

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

Front 74

replication

Back 74

process of copying DNA prior to cell division

Front 75

DNA polymerase

Back 75

principle enzyme involved in DNA replication

Front 76

telomere

Back 76

repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

Front 77

RNA

Back 77

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Front 78

transcription

Back 78

synthesis of and RNA molecule from a DNA template

Front 79

RNA polymerase

Back 79

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

Front 80

genetic code

Back 80

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

Front 81

translation

Back 81

process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein

Front 82

mutation

Back 82

change in the genetic material of a cell

Front 83

polyploidy

Back 83

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Front 84

mutagen

Back 84

chemical or physical agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation

Front 85

RNA interference

Back 85

introduction of double stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression

Front 86

frameshift mutation

Back 86

mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide

Front 87

point mutation

Back 87

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Front 88

codon

Back 88

group of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated onto a protein

Front 89

anticodon

Back 89

group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA

Front 90

intron

Back 90

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

Front 91

hybrid

Back 91

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Front 92

allele

Back 92

one of a number of different forms of a gene

Front 93

trait

Back 93

specific characteristic of an individual

Front 94

probability

Back 94

likelihood that a particular event will occur

Front 95

punnet square

Back 95

diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross

Front 96

incomplete dominance

Back 96

situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

Front 97

codominance

Back 97

situation is which the phenotype produced by both alleles are completely expressed

Front 98

haploid

Back 98

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

Front 99

meiosis

Back 99

process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the seperation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Front 100

diploid

Back 100

term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes

Front 101

genome

Back 101

entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA

Front 102

sex chromosome

Back 102

one of two chromosomes that determines and individuals sex

Front 103

sex-linked gene

Back 103

a gene located on a sex choromosome

Front 104

autosome

Back 104

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 105

pedigree

Back 105

chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations

Front 106

nondisjunction

Back 106

error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly

Front 107

restriction enzyme

Back 107

enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

Front 108

gel electrophoresis

Back 108

procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

Front 109

bioinformatics

Back 109

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

Front 110

genomics

Back 110

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

Front 111

hybridization

Back 111

breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Front 112

inbreeding

Back 112

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the derived characteristics of a kind of organism

Front 113

biotechnology

Back 113

the process of manipulating organisms, cells, or molecules, to produce specific products

Front 114

polymerase chain reaction

Back 114

the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

Front 115

genetic marker

Back 115

alleles that produce detectable phenotypic differences useful in genetic analysis

Front 116

gene therapy

Back 116

process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder

Front 117

forensics

Back 117

scientific study of crime scene investigations

Front 118

DNA fingerprinting

Back 118

tool used by biologists that analyze an individuals unique collection of DNA restriction fragments; used to determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person

Front 119

recombinant DNA

Back 119

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

Front 120

transgenic

Back 120

term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms