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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as
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true-breeding.
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A monohybrid cross is
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a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one trait.
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Which one of the following is false?
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An allele that is fully expressed is referred to as recessive.
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Alleles of a gene are found at __________ chromosomes.
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the same locus on homologous
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Mendel's law of independent assortment states that
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each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.
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Imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that 3 of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision, and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that
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the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation.
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What is a testcross?
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a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest
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Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or a 6?
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1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
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Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child is female and second-born child is male?
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25%
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A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be __________ to transmit it to offspring.
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heterozygous for the trait and able
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Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, Dr. Smith has an inherited form of deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele d. The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is D. Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes?
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Dd and Dd
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Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for __________ and __________ of the fetus so that it can be tested for abnormalities.
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karyotyping . . . biochemical testing
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Which one of the following is false?
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Sickle-cell disease causes white blood cells to be sickle shaped.
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Individual features of all organisms are the result of
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genetics and the environment.
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Genetic testing can reveal
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a person's chances of developing a disease.
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What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male?
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one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
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How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?
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one
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Any gene located on a sex chromosome
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is called a sex-linked gene.
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Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be expressed in a male fruit fly than a female fruit fly because
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the male's phenotype results entirely from his single X-linked gene.
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Which of the following is/are recessive sex-linked human conditions?
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All of the choices are correct.
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Why are sex-linked conditions more common in men than in women?
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Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
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Which one of the following statements is false?
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A virus is generally considered to be alive because it is cellular and can reproduce on its own.
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Which of the following people conducted experiments that demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophages?
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Hershey and Chase
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When a T2 bacteriophage infects an E. coli cell, what part of the phage enters the bacterial cytoplasm?
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only the DNA
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The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that
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a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle.
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The monomers of DNA and RNA are
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nucleotides
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Which one of the following is false?
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RNA uses the sugar dextrose.
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Which one of the following is false?
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DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
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Which one of the following is false?
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The sequence of nucleotides along the length of a DNA strand is restricted by the base-pairing rules.
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The shape of a DNA molecule is most like
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a twisted rope ladder.
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DNA replication
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uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand.
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If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be
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GCCATG.
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When one DNA molecule is copied to make two DNA molecules, the new DNA contains
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50% of the parent DNA.
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Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to
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shorten the time necessary for DNA replication.
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Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?
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because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule
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The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that
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he function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide.
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Which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?
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DNA → RNA → protein
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The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called
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transcription.
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Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are
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three-nucleotide sequences.
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We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of
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5 amino acids.
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A base substitution mutation in a gene sometimes does not result in a different protein. Which of the following factors could account for this?
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some amino acids are produced from more than one codon
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Which one of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA?
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initiation of a new RNA molecule
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Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells?
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in the cytoplasm
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Translation consists of which of the following?
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the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins
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Which one of the following is false?
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Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
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a mutation.
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What kind of virus is HIV (the AIDS virus)?
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a retrovirus
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In many bacteria, genes that confer resistance to antibiotics are carried on
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R plasmids.
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Which of the following human activities has contributed to an increase in the number of bacteria having R plasmids?
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heavy use of antibiotics in medicine and in agriculture
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Which of the following are problems created by cloning?
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All of the choices are problems created by cloning.
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The ability to use the nucleus from an adult somatic cell to create all of the cell types in a new organism demonstrates that development depends upon
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the control of gene expression.
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The term gene expression refers to the
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process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.
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In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines
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an operon.
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The lac operon in E. coli
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prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment.
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The lac operon of E. coli is __________ when the repressor is bound to lactose.
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active
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The genes for the enzymes of glycolysis
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are active in all metabolizing cells but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed only in particular cell types.
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Most differentiated cells retain
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a complete set of their genes and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances.
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The basis of cellular differentiation is
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selective gene expression.
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Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use which of the following to turn certain genes on or off?
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regulatory proteins
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The coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptide sequences) are called
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exons.
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Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?
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alternative RNA splicing
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RNA splicing involves the
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removal of introns from the molecule.
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The cloning of Dolly the sheep
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demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential.
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Which of the following are possible uses of reproductive cloning?
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All of the choices are correct.
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A homeotic gene
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serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
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A gene that can cause cancer when present in a single copy in a cell is called a(n)
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oncogene.
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Mutations in the p53 gene can lead to cancer by
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turning off a gene for a protein that inhibits cell division.
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Which of the following statements about breast cancer is false?
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Most breast cancers are caused by mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2.
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The carcinogen known to cause the most cases of cancer is
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tobacco.
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Which one of the following statements is false?
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Mutagens are usually not carcinogens.
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When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein
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the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
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Restriction enzymes
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cut DNA at specific sites.
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DNA ligase binds
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nucleotides together.
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A collection of DNA fragments that is obtained from the genome of one organism, inserted by recombinant DNA techniques into the genome of a host organism (one fragment per host genome), and maintained there is called a
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genomic library.
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Genomic libraries can be constructed using bacterial plasmids or what other vector?
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phages
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1 out of 1 points
Retroviruses such as HIV use __________ to convert information stored in their RNA to information stored in DNA. |
reverse transcriptase
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Recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes are
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E. coli.
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A vaccine works by
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stimulating the immune system.
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Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their
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size.
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In the process of electrophoresis, which part of the technique functions like a thick filter, separating the samples according to their size?
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the gel
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