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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 1 Properties of life |
Living organisms: •made of cells-simplist units of life •uses energy through process of metabolism=chemical reaction in cells •contains genetic information (DNA/genome) that's passed to new cells for offspring through reproduction •living organisms in form of population will evolve (change) |
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Chapter 1 Homeostasis |
Another property of life that an organism maintain stable internal conditions |
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Chapter 1 Domains (Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic) |
Prokaryotic: •bacteria and archaea Eukaryotic: •Eukarya |
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Chapter 1 Domain Eukarya, Kingdoms |
•protist •fungi •plantae •animilia |
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Chapter 1 Differences between producers, consumers and decomposers |
Producers: •plantae, photosynthesis (makes food) autotroph Consumers: •animilia, rely on other organisms heterotrophs Decomposers: •fungi, live on other organisms, heterotrophs |
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Chapter 1 Binomial Nomenclature: homo sapiens |
Homo sapiens Both needs to be underlined |
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Chapter 1 Two ways to study science |
Discovery based: •observation and gathering of data/leads to question Hypothesis based: •ask questions, designed experiment to prove or disprove a hypothesis (answer to question) |
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Chapter 2 Atomic number and mass number |
Atomic number: •number of protons in the nucleus Atomic mass: •number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Chapter 2 Electron shells |
7 14 N •1st shell=2 •2nd shell=8 •number of empty spots=number of covalent bonds (in this case, 3 bonds) |
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Chapter 2 Elements and molecules: What makes an element? |
Element: •single unit of matter that contains specific properties Molecules: •two or more atoms held together by bonds (covalent or ions) |
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Chapter 2 Types of bonds [covalent (polar and non polar), ionic, hydrogen] |
Covalent: •sharing of electrons -friendly=non polar, equal sharing -polar=unequal sharing that results in slight charges on a molecule Ionic: •transfer of electrons, makes it fully charged eg. Na+Cl- Hydrogen: •attraction between molecules due to polar charges |
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Chapter 2 Water |
polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds |
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Chapter 2 Type of bond between water molecules |
hydrogen bonds |
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Chapter 2 Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic |
Hydrophobic: •molecule is made of non polar covalent bonds; doesn't dissolve in water Hydrophilic: •molecule is made of polar covalent or ionic bonds; does dissolve in water |
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Chapter 2 Solutions |
Solute+solvent→solution (solid)+(liquid) →(solid "disappears" when added to liquid) NaCl+water→salt water |
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Chapter 2 pH |
•measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution •hydrogen ions=H+ -AKA: protons |
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Chapter 2 Acids and bases |
•measured on a pH scale Acidic Basic 0 ← 7 → 14 More Less hydrogen hydrogen ions ions |
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Chapter 3 Carbon |
molecules containing carbon are organic (not CO2) |
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Chapter 3 Functional groups |
Sugar: •OH hydroxyl Amino acids: •COOH carboxyl •NH2 amino DNA: 2 •PO3 phosphate |
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Chapter 3 Amino acid: structure |
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Chapter 3 What part is different and gives it its properties? |
R group is different in each of the 20 amino acids and gives the molecule its properties |
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Chapter 3 Monomers and polymers •macromolecule •monomer •polymer •linkage •role in body |
Macromolecule: •carbohydrate •protein nucleic acid •lipid Monomer: •monosaccharide •amino acid •nucleotides •fatty acids Polymer: •polysaccharide •polypeptide/ protein •DNA/RNA •triglycerides phospholipids Linkage: •glycosidic linkage •peptide bond •- •ester linkages Role in body: •energy source and storage •many cellular functions •stores genetic information of cells •energy storage cell membranes |
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Chapter 3 Dehydration synthesis |
reaction that links monomers together to form polymers; produces water |
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Chapter 3 Hydrolysis |
reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water |
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Chapter 4 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes: •DNA in nucleoid •no membrane bound organelles •smaller/ simpler •archaea and bacteria Eukaryotes: •DNA in nucleus •membrane bound organelles •larger/more complex •eukarya |
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Chapter 4 Eukaryotic cell structures and their functions •Nucleus •Smooth endoplasmic reticulum •Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes are attached to this) •Golgi apparatus •Ribosomes •Mitochondria •Chloroplasts |
Nucleus: •contains genome/DNA Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: •synthesis of lipids (membrane) detoxification Rough endoplasmic reticulum: •transports protein made by ribosomes Golgi apparatus: •modifies, stores and ships proteins Ribosomes: •makes proteins Mitochondria: •converts energy stored in sugar to ATP cellular respiration Chloroplasts: •takes light energy and stores it in sugars; photosynthesis |
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Chapter 4 Which structures are in plant cells, but not animal cells? |
•central vacuole •chloroplast •cell wall |
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Chapter 4 How do proteins move from ribosome to outside of cell (secreted from cell)? |
Ribosome→Rough ER→Golgi apparatus→plasma membrane |
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Chapter 5 Membrane structure |
•phospholipid bilayer (major) -imbedded with proteins |
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Chapter 5 Membrane function |
controls the flow of substance in and out of the cell |
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Chapter 5 Selectively permeable |
cellular membrane- some substances can pass through easily while others can't |
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Chapter 5 Transport across membranes: •Passive transport -Diffusion -Facilitated diffusion •Active transport •Bulk transport -Exocytosis -Endocytosis •Osmosis |
Passive transport: •movement of molecules that don't require energy -movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration -same as above but with the help of a transport protein Active transport: •movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requires energy Bulk transport: •movement of large molecules -movement of molecules outside of cell -movement of molecules to the inside of the cell Osmosis: •diffusion/movement of water across the membrane |
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Chapter 5 Tonicity: •Hypertonic •Hypotonic |
Hypertonic: •area of higher solute concentration Hypotonic: •area of lower solute concentration |
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Chapter 5 How does water move in osmosis? |
water moves to hypertonic area with the most solute |
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Chapter 5 |
In hypertonic-water moves out of the cell |
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Chapter 5
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In hypotonic-water moves into the cell |
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Chapter 10 Multicellular |
an organism composed of more than one cell |
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Chapter 10 How do animal cells maintain multicellularity? What is it made of? |
Animal: •secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) binds cells together to form tissues Material: •protein and polysaccharides |
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Chapter 10 How do plant cells maintain multicellularity? What is it made of? |
Plant: •Through the cell wall and the junctions formed between adjacent cells Material: •cellulose |
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Chapter 10 What is a tissue? |
Tissue: •group of cells having a similar structure and function In animals: •nervous: communication •epithelial: lining and covering •connective: join |
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Chapter 6 First law of thermodynamics |
energy can't be created or destroyed, can only change form |
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Chapter 6 •Endergonic •Exergonic |
Endergonic: •reactants+energy→products •absorbs energy •not spontaneous •ΔG>0 Exergonic: •reactants→products+energy •releases energy •spontaneous •ΔG<0 |
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Chapter 6 Enzyme is what type of macromolecule? |
proteins |
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Chapter 6 How does an enzyme work? |
•speed up the rate of a chemical reaction •lowering activation energy of reaction •substrate is called the reactant, binds to the active site - where reaction takes place •after products are released, enzyme is reused |
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Chapter 6 What denatures proteins (makes them inactive)? |
•temperature •pH •salt concentration |
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Chapter 6 What is the energy molecule of the cell? |
ATP; releases energy when the covalent bond between phosphates are broken |
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Chapter 6 What is the difference between NAD+ and NADH? |
NAD+: •low in energy because it has no electrons •when it gains electrons, it becomes NADH NADH: •high in energy |
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Chapter 7 Cellular respiration reaction equation and purpose and where |
Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Purpose: •takes glucose and energy stored in molecular bonds, turning it into ATP Where: •mitochondria |
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Chapter 7 Is it aerobic or anaerobic? |
aerobic=requires energy |
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Chapter 7 Stages and what happens at each stage. Energy output at each stage. •Glycolysis •Pyruvate breakdown •Citric acid cycle •Oxidative phosphorylation: Electron transport •Chemiosmosis |
Glycolysis: •Function: ◦glucose + NAD+ → pyruvate + NADH •Energy made: ◦2ATP Pyruvate breakdown: •Function: ◦pyruvate → acetyl-CoA + CO2 •Energy made: ◦ ---- Citric acid cycle: •Function: ◦acetyl-CoA + NAD+ → CO2 + NADH •Energy made: ◦2 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport: •Function: ◦electrons from NADH are released and travel through protein to form a H+ (hydrogen ion) gradient •Energy made: ◦--- Chemiosmosis: •Function: ◦H+ flows through ATP synthase to make lots of ATP •Energy made: ◦34 ATP |
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Chapter 7 Fermentation |
anaerobic (no O2) breakdown of glucose to yield only 2 ATP |
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Chapter 8 Photosynthesis reaction equation and purpose and where |
Equation: •6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Purpose: •capture light energy and transfer to molecular bonds Where •in chloroplast of autotrophs |
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Chapter 8 Role and name of pigments |
light energy and transfer to molecular bonds: captures the light energy; chlorophyll |
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Chapter 8 Stages and what happened at each stage •Order •Light relations •Purpose of light reactions •Where does the electrons come from? •Purpose of the calvin cycle |
Order: •light reactions followed by calvin cycle Light reactions: •photosynthesis captures light energy and transfer it to energy •these electrons are stored in NADPH by the enzyme, NADP+ reductase •ATP is formed by ATP synthase Purpose of light reactions: •store light energy into NADPH and ATP which are used during the calvin cycle Where does the electrons come from? •photosynthesis → light energy is transferred electron that comes from the splitting of water •H2O→H2+O2+e- Purpose of the Calvin cycle: •takes energy from NADPH and ATP and stores it in molecular bonds through the process of carbon fixation •CO2 → C6H12O6 Inorganic Organic carbon Carbon |
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Chapter 15 Products of mitosis and meiosis / diploid and haploid |
Diploid: •2n; 2 sets of chromosomes •diploid cells → 2 identical cells (diploid) cellular division Haploid: •n; 1 set of chromosome |
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Chapter 15 Stages of the cell cycle •Interphase: -G1 -S -G2 •M phase: -mitosis -cytokinesis |
Interphase: •G1 -growth of cell •S -replication of DNA •G2 -growth to prepare for division M phase: •Mitosis -division of nucleus •Cytokinesis -division of cytoplasm |
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Chapter 15 What are sister chromatids? |
•replicated DNA •held together at the centromere •2 chromatids-1 chromosome •2 chromosomes are separated in mitosis to form daughter chromosomes |
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Chapter 15 Stages of mitosis: •Prophase •Pro-metaphase •Metaphase •Anaphase •Telophase |
Prophase: •sister chromatids condense Pro-metaphase: •sister chromatids attach to spindle fingers (microtubules) so they can be moved around cell Metaphase: •sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase: •sister chromatids separate and form daughter chromosomes Telophase: •daughter chromosomes go to opposite poles |
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Chapter 15 Purpose of meiosis |
•1 cell (diploid) to form 4 cells (haploid) •production of gametes for sexual reproduction |
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Chapter 15 Sexual life cycle |
•2 gametes get together for fertilization •zygote is formed which will undergo mitosis •it'll grow up as an adult then do through meiosis •cycle will then start over again |
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Chapter 15 What you need to know about the stages of meiosis: •Meiosis •Prophase I •Meiosis I •Meiosis II |
Meiosis: •is 2 cellular divisions Prophase I: •synapsis os homologous chromosome to form tetrads •crossing over: non sister chromatids exchange DNA pieces Meiosis I: •1 cell (diploid) DNA forms tetrads, forms 2 cells that are haploid •DNA formed is sister chromatid Meiosis II: •forms 4 haploid cells |
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Chapter 11 Watson and Crick's model of DNA |
•DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid •double stranded and helical •sugar=phosphate backbone on outside •nitrogenous bases on inside •hydrogen bonds between bases holds the stands together |
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Chapter 11 Level of DNA structure |
nucleotides→strand→double helix→chromosome→genome |
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Chapter 11 Function of replication |
makes new double helix strand of DNA |
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Chapter 11 Write a complementary strand of DNA given a template strand |
A=T and G=C |
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Chapter 11 Process |
•happens in nucleus •each strand = template •leading strand = made continuously •lagging strand = made in fragments (Okazaki fragments) |
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Chapter 12 Flow of genetic information in a cell |
DNA→mRNA→protein |
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Chapter 12 Transcription |
•in nucleus •DNA makes mRNA •base pairing =different -A=U and G=C |
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Chapter 12 Write the mRNA transcribed from a DNA template |
G C T A T A C G A U A U |
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Chapter 12 Translation |
•in cytosol in ribosome •mRNA = protein |
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Chapter 12 The genetic code |
•used in translation •3 nucleotide bases=1 amino acid •3 bases on mRNA are called codons |
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Chapter 12 Types of RNA •mRNA •tRNA •rRNA |
mRNA: •carries the info to make protein from nucleus to ribosome tRNA: •brings the amino acid from the cytosol to ribosome rRNA: •what ribosomes are made of |
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Chapter 13 Gene expression |
process where a gene uses its information (DNA) to make a product (mRNA/protein) that the cell uses |
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Chapter 13 Gene regulation |
ability of cells to control which and how many products are made from DNA |
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Chapter 16 Genetic lingo: •Genome •Homozygous •Heterozygous •Dominant •Recessive •Phenotype •Genotype |
Genome: •all DNA of the cell Homozygous: •pair of identical alleles for a gene -eg AA/aa Heterozygous: •2 different alleles of a gene -eg Aa Dominant: •the trait that's always seen Recessive: •the trait that's masked by the dominant; expressed (seen) in only homozygous conditions Phenotype: •physical appearance / ability that's seen Genotype: •genetic makeup; letter designation |
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Chapter 16 Different inheritance patterns: •Simple dominance (be able to do a genetics problem also) •Codominance and multiple alleles (be able to do blood type problems also) •Incomplete dominance |
Simple dominance: •one allele is dominant over the other Codominance and multiple alleles: •Codominance: both alleles are expressed at the same time (AB) •Multiple alleles: more than 2 alleles (A, B, O) Incomplete dominance: •heterozygous has an intermediate phenotype -eg. P red flower X white flower F1 pink flowers |
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Chapter 16 Sex-linked genes: how are the genotypes written/interpreted? |
A A A a •X X or X X -female, normal a a •X X -female, defect A •X Y -male, normal a •X Y -male, defect |
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Chapter 14 Mutations |
change in DNA of organism |
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Chapter 14 What causes mutations? |
•spontaneous (replication errors) •chemical mutagen •physical mutagen (x-ray/UV ray) |
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Chapter 14 What is a cell's main repair mechanism? |
nucleotide excision repair |
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Chapter 14 Cancer |
uncontrolled cellular division that leads to growth
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Chapter 14 What mutations lead to cancer? |
•many mutations to the same cell line •mutations in DNA repair genes •mutations to turn proto-oncogene to oncogene -tells genes to divide •mutations in tumor suppressor genes -tells cells to stop dividing if cell is not "healthy" |
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Chapter 18 Viral structure |
•viruses aren't alive→need host cell to replicate |
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Chapter 18 Bacteriophage |
virus that infects bacteria |
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Chapter 18 Bacteriophage lytic life cycle |
attachment→entry→synthesis (genome/protein)→assemble→lysis/release |
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Chapter 18 HIV |
•causes AIDs •host range is humans •entire virus enters the cell •viral genome injects into host genome |
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Chapter 18 Bacteria |
•genome is double stranded, circular DNA •some contain DNA also in plasmids; small circular pieces of DNA |
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Chapter 18 Horizontal gene transfer |
how bacteria gets new genetic information; genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another |
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Chapter 20 Stem cells |
cells that haven't differentiated (become specialized cell) |
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Chapter 20 Gene cloning |
making many copies of a piece of DNA |
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Chapter 20 Plasmids |
cloning vector-DNA that'll carry DNA segments from another organism |
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Chapter 20 Restriction enzymes |
cutting tools for DNA; useful for making recombinant DNA |
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Chapter 20 Gel electrophoresis |
separates DNA fragments based on size; DNA=negatively charged so it moves to positive electrode |
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Chapter 20 Polymerase chain enzyme |
makes many copies of DNA fragments quickly |
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Chapter 20 DNA libraries |
collection of pieces of DNA from the same organism |
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Chapter 20 Transgenics |
genetically modified organisms; has genetic material from different organisms |
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Chapter 20 DNA fingerprinting |
technique that can identify an individual based on DNA |
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Chapter 20 How biotechnology is used |
•makes medicine •bio-medication (reducing pollutants) •understanding/ curing diseases •agriculture/transgenic plants •cloning •forensics |
