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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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passive transport |
requires no energy
–move down concentration train |
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facilitated diffusion
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protein in membrane to moves cell
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active transport
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requires energy to move molecules –move from low to high conentration |
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homeostasis
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holding a body function within a normal range
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negative feedback
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opposes the change (thermostat)
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sensor/ receptor
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reads the actual
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integrator
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"boss"(compares set point and actual)
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Effector
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does the negative feedback (when you are cold you shiver. shiver will warm you)
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Set point
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the homeostasis constant
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positive feedback
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accelerates or increases the event
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Feed Forward Regulation
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planning mechanism
ex. smell food and body reacts in anticipation(drooling, stomach churning) |
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diffusion
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molecule moves from area of high concentration to low concentration
J=DA(C1–C2) |
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osmosis
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diffusion of water
diffuses from high to low concentration |
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4 classes of muscle fibers
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fast fibers, slowfibers, oxidative fibers, glycolytic fibers
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fast fibers
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hydrolize atp very quickly
(go through powerstrokes quickly) |
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slow fibers
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hydrolize atp slowly
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oxidative fibers
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get ATP from oxidative phosphoration
(acid +Oxygen–> CO2+ATP+H2O) |
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glycolytic fibers
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get ATP from glycolysis
(generated without oxygen) (glu–> lactic acid) |
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slow oxidative
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muscles for endurance
ex. posture, standing, birds flying muscles, fish swimming muscles contain myoglobin(protein that stores oxygen) |
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fast oxidative
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muscles perform quickly with a high energy source
ex. geese flying muscles, athletics |
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Fast glycolytic
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perform quickly with a limited energy supply. used for short energy bursts
ex. chicken flying muscles |
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Sliding Filament Model
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•Troponin binds to tropomyosin
•Tropomyosin shrinks and exposes actin sites for binding myosin •Myosin head binds to actin •Crossbridge forms; powerstroke; contraction •ADP released from myosin •ATP fits into its place; ATP ADP. stores energy in the myosin molecule •Actin and myosin fall apart/dissasociate •relaxation |
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What causes muscle contraction outside the cell?
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•Brain commands motor neuron
•Motor neuron releases acetylcholine at NMJ •Acetylcholine opens channels and depolarizes the muscle cell •Threshold – Action potential in muscle cell •Calcium released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum •Calcium binds Troponin •Troponin binds Tropomyosin •Tropomyosin shrinks and exposes actin sites for binding myosin |
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Muscle Organization
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sarcomeres–> myofibrils–> myofibers–> fascicles –> muscle
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Glycogen
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–storage form of glucose ‒ located in the Liver & muscle |
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Maintain Blood Glucose
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1)Glycogenolysis 2)Gluconeogenesis 3)Glucose Sparing
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Glycogenolysis
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break down glycogen into glucose molecules(occurs in liver) (12–18 hrs)
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Gluconeogenesis
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makes new glucose molecules (liver)
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Glucose Sparing
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•Liver makes “ketones” – cells go on a glucose diet -saves glucose for brain |
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Insulin
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Regulates when blood glucose gets too high •Facilitates glucose uptake •Inhibits glycogenolysis •Inhibits gluconeogenesis |
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Glucagon
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Regulates when blood glucose gets too low •Causes glycogenolysis •Increases blood glucose levels |
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Components of Blood
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1. Plasma(makes up 38–65% of blood volume) |
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells, fight infecton
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells
–carry oxygen –anucleate: does not have a nucleus(allows bend) –contains hemoglobin( made of 4 smaller iron core proteins) |
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Platelets or thrombocytes
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–repair blood vessels
•Cell Fragments •Agglutinate to form clots •Release fibrin |
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3 types of closed circulatory system
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1.Single circulation
2.Double circulation 3.Combination |
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Double circulation
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–Crocodiles, birds, man
–2 circuits(Pulmonary & Systemic) –2 pumps •1 Heart(2 Atria,2 Ventricle) •Segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood •Right and left synchronize beat |
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Heart
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–has 2 or 4 chambers
–Atrim –Ventricle |
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Blood vessels
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arteries– take blood away from heart
veins–carry blood back to heart capillaries– site of exchange with tissues |
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cardiac cycle
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contraction and relaxation events for one heartbeat(diastolic & systolic)
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A–V valves
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separate atrium from ventricle (doors in heart)
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semilunar valves
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regulate blood flow from ventricle out of the heart
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sinoatrial node/ atrioventricular node
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specialized myocytes that regulate heartbeat/heart rate
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right side
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deoxygenated blood flows to lungs
(1.Right atrium 2.AV valve 3.Right ventricle 4.Pulmonary semilunar valve 5.lungs) |
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left side
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oxygenated blood flows to tissue
(1.Lungs 2.Left atrium 3.AV valve 4.Left Ventricle 5.Aortic semi–lunar valve 6.aorta 7.tissue) |
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cardiac conduction system
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–initiates cardiac contraction
–synchronizes contraction(atrium contracts first, ventricle second) |
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diastolic
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–filling phase(blood enters atrium)
–AV valve open(fills ventricle) –SL valve closed –low pressure in ventricle –atrium contracts to squeeze out rest of blood |
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systolic
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–when ventricles pump
–AV valve closed(prevents back flow) –SL valve open –high pressure in ventricle |
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Blood Pressure
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–decreases the farther away from the heart
–essentially zero in veins |
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Resistance
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–determines blood pressure(done in arterioles) 1.Vessel radius(small radius has a high pressure–dilation decreases pressure–constriction increases presseur)
2.Vessel length(–distance from the heart–greater distance, greater resistance, greater pressure) 3.Blood viscosity(increase concentration of red blood cells, increase pressure) |
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Stroke Volume
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volume of blood pumped out of the heart each time the ventricle contracts
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Cardiac Output
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–blood volume pumped out of the heart every minute(L/min) –Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate |
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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
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Sum of resistance in all the capillaries and arterioles
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Blood pressure regulation
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Blood pressure = Cardiac output x TPR –Cardiac output increases (due to increased heart rate) but the TPR decreases( due to vasodilation) to maintain a stable blood pressure |
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3 ways to regulate Blood Pressure
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1.Change resistance (dilate/constrict) 2.Change heart rate 3. Change stroke voume |
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Regulating the cardiovascular system
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•Baroreceptor (pressure receptor) •Brain(integrator) •Arterioles,Heart rate,Stroke volume(effectors) •110 mm Hg(set point) |
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Altitude's effect on oxygen concentration
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oxygen concentration doesn't change based on elevation pressure changes with altitude. -more oxygen available closer to sea level |
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Temperature's effect on oxygen concentration
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oxygen content of hot water is less than the oxygen content of cold water
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Other solutes effect on oxygen concentration
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saltier water has less oxygen
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hemoglobin Saturation
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amount of hemoglobin a blood vessel carries( ex. 2/4 oxygen is 50% saturation) |
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Hemoglobin affinity
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oxygen binding, ability of hemoglobin to hold onto oxygen
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What affects Hemoglobin saturation
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pH, temperature, partial pressure of oxygen
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PO2
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higher at lungs, higher hemoglobin saturation
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Temp/ pH increase
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Increase temperature, pH more acidic = Lower Affinity for O2 |
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Temp/ pH decrease
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pH more basic, Decrease temperature =Higher Affinity for O2 |
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gill arch
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main rod
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filament
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branch off from gill arch. made of lamellae
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lamellae
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small thin plates of tissue, rich in capillary beds that make up filament
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How do gills extract oxygen?
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oxygen rich water flows over lamellae. oxygen diffuses from water into blood in filaments -blood and water flow in opposite directions of each other ( counter current exchange) |
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Buccal pumping
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fish swallows water and uses jaw muscles to push water over gills
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Ram venilation
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while swimming the fish rams through water which pushes water over gills
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positive pressure filling
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as organism inhales the air flowing in is under positive pressure, air is forced in
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Negative Pressure filling
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a vacuum is created in lungs which causes air to flow in during inhale (diaphragm drops and pulls lungs down creating negative pressure which sucks air in)
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tidal ventilation
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air goes in and air goes out 1 cycle of tidal ventilation= 1 inspiration and 1 expiration |
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tidal volume
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the amount of air moved in 1 cycle of tidal ventilation
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Neural control of respiration
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-rate and depth of respiration occurs in brain stem -intercostal nerve controls intercostal muscle -phrenic nerve controls diaphragm |
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Inflation reflex
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receptors in lungs detect how full lungs and turn off inhalation when there is enough air in lungs
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Chemical control of respiration
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Chemoreceptors in body detect levels of CO2, O2, and pH -respiration is more sensitive to CO2 than O2 |
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Components of Inflation Reflex
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•stretch receptors in lungs(sensor) •respiratory centers in brain(integrator) •diaphragm, intercostals(effectors) •Amount of stretch at lungs(set point) |
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Negative feedback of Chemical control
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•O2, CO2 H+ receptors in aorta, carotid, brain (sensor) •Other respiratory centers(integrator) •diaphragm, intercostals (effectors) •Amount of O2, CO2 H+ in blood(set point |
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Bicarbonate
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-used to transport ~65% of CO2 through the body CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- -Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cell -reaction reverses in lungs to exhale CO2 |
