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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of urinary system
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filters blood, get rid of toxins and metabolic waste, espically urea, maintain water and salt balance, regulate pH, regulate blood pressure, control red blood cell production, activate vitamin D
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Cortex
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outer portion of the kidney
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medulla
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inner region of the kidney
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renal pelvis
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urine collects after it is formed
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ureters
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transport urine from kidneys to bladder
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urinary bladder
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stores urine (600-1,000 ml)
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urethra
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carries urine from body, two sphincters control urination
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nephrons
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remove approximately 180 liters of fluid from the blood daily, and return most of it, minus the waste that are excreted
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Kidneys activate Vitamin D
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inactive form is transported to liver where it is modified, converted to active form by kidneys, influenced activity of PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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Kidney Stones
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crystalized minerals, block urine flow
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UTI
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usually caused by bacteria, more common in women than men because of shorter urethra, bladder infection may ascend to involve kidneys
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Acute Renal Failure
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short term impairment, may be reversible
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causes of renal failure
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sustained very low blood pressure, large kidney stones within renal pelvis, infection, transfusion reactions, severe injury, toxin exposure, drug reactions
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Chronic Renal Failure
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end stage renal disease (ESRD)
>60% reduction in functioning nephrons 40% of people with Type 1 diabetes will develop renal failure |
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Gametes
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Haploid
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Zygote
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Diploid
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Testes
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produce testosterone and sperm
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Head of sperm
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nucleus (ultimate payload)= acrosome (enzymes that aid in penetration of protective layers surrounding the eggs)
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body
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mitochondrian- ATP
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tail
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flagellum- uses ATP for energy
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scrotum
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sac of skin and smooth muscle that holds the testes which maintains testes at a slightly lower temperature
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seminiferous tubules
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within testes produces sperm
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epididymis
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sperm becomes motile and are stored here
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ductus deferens
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transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct
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seminal vesicles
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secrete fructose (provides source of energy for sperm) and most of seminal fluid
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prostate gland
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secretes water alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH
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Bulbourethral gland
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secrete lubricating mucus, cleanses urethra of urine
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Follicles produce?
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female sex hormone estrogen
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fertilization takes place
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oviducts (fallopian tubes)
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Time period it takes for egg to be transported to the uterus via the oviduct
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5-7 days
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length of the Egg viable for fertilization
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6 days
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endometrium
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uterus lined with stratified epithelial layer, If not fertilized- it is shed each reproductive cycle (menstruation)
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Hormone that is released by the embryo after implantation
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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placenta
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allows for the exchange of materials between mother and embryo
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Identical Twins
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splitting of the embryo during the first month of development
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fraternaltwins
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release and fertilization of two eggs
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IVF (in vitro fertilization)
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fertilization in the test tube outside the body
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GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer)
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unfertilized eggs and sperm placed directly in oviduct
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ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)
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fertilized eggs placed in oviduct
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asexual reproduction
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single celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division, no fertilization of an egg by a sperm
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sexual reproduction
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requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called meiosis
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Cancer develops by 2 things?
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cells must grow and divide uncontrollably, cells must undergo physical changes that allow it to break away from surrounding cells
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Normal cell
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regulatory mechanisms in place that monitor growth (cell signaling & hormone receptors), stationary throughout lifetime, retain function and structure throughout lifetime
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Abnormal Cell
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malfunctions in growth monitoring that allow for overproduction of cells, can migrate to several different locations throughout lifetime, loose function and structure over time
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Epstein Barr
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Hodgkin's Disease
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Human Papillomavirus
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cervical cancer
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Human Immunodeficiency
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Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Human T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma
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HTLV-1, T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Steps of Metastasi
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cancer cells fail to adhere to one another, cells break away from the original tumor, free floating cancer cells travel to various location in the body via blood and lymph, new colonies of cancer cells are initiated as the cells disperse throughout the body
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6 alternative cancer treatment options
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magnetism, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, angiogenesis inhibition, molecular targeting, holistic treatments
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