Biology Final

Front 1

John Baptist de Lamark

Back 1

studied blacksmith arms and noticed the more you used them the more they grow
said that giraffe ancestors were like donkeys and had to stretch to reach the leaves
he was wrong

Front 2

Inheritance of aquired characteristics

Back 2

(de Lamark) meaning that whatever has changed in one's lifetime will be passed on to the next generation (wrong)

Front 3

Evolution

Back 3

genetic change through time

Front 4

Charles Darwin

Back 4

developed idea of evolution
1859 published "Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

Front 5

"Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

Back 5

increasing production through reproduction
great deal of variation through living things
struggle for survival

Front 6

Natural Selection

Back 6

nature decides who survives and who reproduces to pass on the same genes that allow them to survive

Front 7

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Back 7

used to see if evolution has occured
p + q = 1
p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele

Front 8

Genotype frequency formula

Back 8

p2 + 2pq + q2= 1

Front 9

Genetic drift

Back 9

changes that occur in genotypes as a result of chance and is also the bottleneck effect since it acts as a constriction point

Front 10

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Back 10

if there is equilibrium then there was no evolution

Front 11

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Characteristics

Back 11

large population
random mating
no genetic drift
no mutations
no natural selections
no migration
no natural defection

Front 12

Hardy-Weinberg Evolution is occuring

Back 12

if the first generation's equation does not match the secodn generations

Front 13

Darwin Evolution

Back 13

Organisms have gained potential for reproduction
Variations present among members of the same species
Struggle for survival
Survival of the fittest results from natural selection

Front 14

Directional Selection

Back 14

animals that are in the same majority are selected against the minority to blend...white and black and some day everyone will be mixed

Front 15

Stabilizing selection

Back 15

when year after year the animals in the majority stay the majority and the animals in the minority stay in the minority (cockroach)

Front 16

Disruptive selection

Back 16

average traits are eliminated from a population

Front 17

Species

Back 17

are all organisms that produce viable offsprings

Front 18

Speciation

Back 18

is the production of a new species

Front 19

Speciation occurs..

Back 19

isolation
Poly Ploidy

Front 20

Poly Ploidy

Back 20

a new species is produced as a result of a miotic/ meiotic mistake (plants)

Front 21

Darwin/ Galapagos Islands

Back 21

studied finches: found that birds with long beaks will be on tress and mate with those while birds with short beaks will be on ground and mate with those

Front 22

Prezygotic isolation

Back 22

is a geographical habitat behavior

Front 23

Postzygotic Isolation

Back 23

animals (exception:mules) cannot pass on their genes because they are sterile

Front 24

Behavioral Isolation

Back 24

animals with certain features can only survive in one place and can only mate with animals that have the same features. (behaviors keep these animals separate)

Front 25

Temporal Isolation

Back 25

birds are wired to mate to early in the year and their bodies freeze to death

Front 26

Mechanical Isolation

Back 26

when body parts don't fit
chihuahau and Great dane

Front 27

Ecological Isolation

Back 27

animals are unlikely to mate because they spend time in different ecosystems
seagulls and blue jays

Front 28

Gametic mortality

Back 28

how sturdy one's gametes are (vaginal tract is lethal to sperm)

Front 29

Geographic isolation

Back 29

when birds are blown to the Galapagos islands and could not fly back

Front 30

Adaptive Radiation

Back 30

animals have certain adaptions to help them find food

Front 31

Disruptive selection

Back 31

average traits are eliminated from a population

Front 32

Species

Back 32

are all organisms that produce viable offsprings

Front 33

Speciation

Back 33

is the production of a new species

Front 34

Speciation occurs..

Back 34

isolation
Poly Ploidy

Front 35

Poly Ploidy

Back 35

a new species is produced as a result of a miotic/ meiotic mistake (plants)

Front 36

Darwin/ Galapagos Islands

Back 36

studied finches: found that birds with long beaks will be on tress and mate with those while birds with short beaks will be on ground and mate with those

Front 37

Prezygotic isolation

Back 37

is a geographical habitat behavior

Front 38

Postzygotic Isolation

Back 38

animals (exception:mules) cannot pass on their genes because they are sterile

Front 39

Behavioral Isolation

Back 39

animals with certain features can only survive in one place and can only mate with animals that have the same features. (behaviors keep these animals separate)

Front 40

Temporal Isolation

Back 40

birds are wired to mate to early in the year and their bodies freeze to death

Front 41

Mechanical Isolation

Back 41

when body parts don't fit
chihuahau and Great dane

Front 42

Ecological Isolation

Back 42

animals are unlikely to mate because they spend time in different ecosystems
seagulls and blue jays

Front 43

Gametic mortality

Back 43

how sturdy one's gametes are (vaginal tract is lethal to sperm)

Front 44

Geographic isolation

Back 44

when birds are blown to the Galapagos islands and could not fly back

Front 45

Adaptive Radiation

Back 45

animals have certain adaptions to help them find food

Front 46

Adaptive Radiation

Back 46

organisms are introduced into a new environment and as a result of their special features they move into habitats that best suite their features

Front 47

Ecology

Back 47

made up of (from smallest to biggest) organism, population, community, ecosystem

Front 48

Adaptive Radiation

Back 48

organisms are introduced into a new environment and as a result of their special features they move into habitats that best suite their features

Front 49

Ecology

Back 49

made up of (from smallest to biggest) organism, population, community, ecosystem

Front 50

biotic component

Back 50

all living things in an ecosystem

Front 51

biotic component

Back 51

all living things in an ecosystem

Front 52

abiotic component

Back 52

non living things in the environment water, air soil

Front 53

abiotic component

Back 53

non living things in the environment water, air soil

Front 54

niche

Back 54

what an organism does as a living
organisms occupy a given niche in an ecosystem and are classified in trophic levels

Front 55

niche

Back 55

what an organism does as a living
organisms occupy a given niche in an ecosystem and are classified in trophic levels

Front 56

First level

Back 56

Producers- green plant, convert sun into energy via photosynthesis

Front 57

First level

Back 57

Producers- green plant, convert sun into energy via photosynthesis

Front 58

Second level

Back 58

First order consumers- herbivors eat the producers

Front 59

Second level

Back 59

First order consumers- herbivors eat the producers

Front 60

Third level

Back 60

Second order consumers- carnivors

Front 61

Third level

Back 61

Second order consumers- carnivors

Front 62

forth level

Back 62

Third order consumers-carnivors who eat the second order consumers

Front 63

forth level

Back 63

Third order consumers-carnivors who eat the second order consumers

Front 64

fifth order

Back 64

decomposers- bacteria and fungo that breaks down macro molecules of all levels into their building blocks for recycling through the ecosystem

Front 65

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 65

the reason why there are not equal levels on the pyramid of numbers
everytime you convert energy from one form to another there is terrible inefficency of conversion and you lose a lot of energy

Front 66

Energy cycle

Back 66

There is no energy cycle through the ecosystem because it all flows one way

Front 67

steak and starving children

Back 67

dont give steak to the hungry bc 100 pounds of wheat will add up to 10 pounds but 100 pounds of wheat to a cow then fed to a human is only 1 pound

Front 68

Biological magnification

Back 68

a toxin that is not normally broken down in the environment
toxins becme part of the food chain

Front 69

Predation

Back 69

organisms eat other organism

Front 70

fifth order

Back 70

decomposers- bacteria and fungo that breaks down macro molecules of all levels into their building blocks for recycling through the ecosystem

Front 71

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 71

the reason why there are not equal levels on the pyramid of numbers
everytime you convert energy from one form to another there is terrible inefficency of conversion and you lose a lot of energy

Front 72

Energy cycle

Back 72

There is no energy cycle through the ecosystem because it all flows one way

Front 73

steak and starving children

Back 73

dont give steak to the hungry bc 100 pounds of wheat will add up to 10 pounds but 100 pounds of wheat to a cow then fed to a human is only 1 pound

Front 74

Biological magnification

Back 74

a toxin that is not normally broken down in the environment
toxins becme part of the food chain

Front 75

Predation

Back 75

organisms eat other organism

Front 76

Commensalism

Back 76

when one organism benefits but the other organism is neither harmed nor helped
bird builds a nest in tree

Front 77

Parasitism

Back 77

one organism benefits and the other does not

Front 78

Toleration

Back 78

both parties are not harmed nor helped

Front 79

Competetion

Back 79

both animals are harmed bc they are after the same species

Front 80

Mutualism

Back 80

when both animals benefit

Front 81

food chain

Back 81

can only be found in simple ecosystems
one producer in a food chain

Front 82

Factors that determine population size

Back 82

Birth rate
Death rate
immigration
emigration