Biology Final

Front 1

Scientific Method?

Back 1

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Observation, Conclusion.

Front 2

Evidence supporting Evolution?

Back 2

-Fossil Records
-Comparitive Anatomy (homologous structures/vestigial structures)
-Embryology
-Biochemistry/Genetics

Front 3

Forces that can change Allele Frequency?

Back 3

-Mutations
-Gene Flow
-Small Population Size
-Non-random Mating
-Natural Selection

Front 4

Biological Species Concept?
Flaws?

Back 4

species that can breed successfully with each other but not with others.

not practical or possible to know if two individuals might breed successfully, and it only works with species that use sexual reproduction.

Front 5

Patterns of Speciation?

Back 5

Simple Forking pattern - one species becomes two.

Adaptive Radiation - one species can produce many new species.

Front 6

Multicellularity?

Back 6

cells joining together and working together as a single unit.

Front 7

Phylogenetics?

Back 7

study of evolutionary history of an organism and its relationship to other species.

Front 8

The Current System of Classification?

Back 8

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Front 9

By what characteristics do we classify Bacteria?

Back 9

-Their shape (spherical, rod, or cork screw)
-Their nutrient requirements (heterotroph/autotroph)
-Mode of Locomotion (flagellum-swim, passive motion-move, stationary-attached/sticks)
-Staining Properties (gram-postive or gram-negative)

Front 10

Endospore?

Back 10

protective shell around rod-shaped bacteria's DNA.

protects bacteria for years/decades against all types of conditions.

Front 11

Binary Fission?

Back 11

single bacteria replicates its DNA then divides in half (like an amoeba)

Front 12

Conjugation?

Back 12

neighboring bacteria can exchange DNA on plasmids.

Front 13

Why are Viruses not living?

Back 13

do not consist of cells, cannot grow or reproduce, etc.

Front 14

What are two components of a virus?

Back 14

Hereditary material and Protein coat surrounding the virus.

Front 15

Monophyletic Kingdom?

Back 15

one evolutionary history; derives from one single "clade."

Front 16

Bryophytes?

Back 16

no true roots, stems, or leaves.

no mechanism for conducting water or nutrients.

can't grow large (mosses and liverworts)

Front 17

Pollen?

Back 17

small bundle of haploid, sperm-producing cells packed in a thin coat.

Front 18

Seed?

Back 18

diploid embryo packed in a thick coat w/food source.

Front 19

Gymnospores?

Back 19

Non-Flowering
Relies on wind for the dispersal of pollen and seeds.

Front 20

Angiosperms?

Back 20

Flowering
Allows use of pollinators/pollination.

Front 21

Basic Characteristics of a Fungis?

Back 21

-Primarily Multi-Cellular
-Cell Wall made of Chitin, not Cellulose
-All Heterotrophic
-All Immobile

Front 22

What is the largest and most diverse Phylum of the Invertebrates?

Back 22

Phylum Arthropoda

Front 23

What are the 8 Vertebrate Groups?

Back 23

-Lampreys
-Cartilaginous Fish
-Lobe Finned Fish
-Ray Finned Fish
-Amphibians
-Reptiles
-Birds
-Mammals

Front 24

Lampreys?

Back 24

Jawless Fish
Vertebrate

Front 25

Cartilaginous Fishes?

Back 25

Skeletons made of cartilage, not bone (Sharks)
Vertebrate

Front 26

Lobe-Finned Fishes?

Back 26

Round fins w/muscle and bone inside (lungfish)
Vertebrate

Front 27

Ray-Finned Fishes?

Back 27

Fins are webs of skin supported by spikey bones (Regular Fish/Eel)
Vertebrate

Front 28

Amphibians?

Back 28

First to transition to land (Frogs)
Vertebrate

Front 29

Reptiles?

Back 29

Internal Fertilization (Lizards/Turtles)
Vertebrate

Front 30

Birds?

Back 30

Feathered; Ancestor of Reptiles.
Vertebrate

Front 31

Mammals?

Back 31

Hair; Nurse young with milk, etc. (Us, Bears, etc.)
Vertebrate

Front 32

Ecology?
Two components of Ecology?

Back 32

deals with relationships of living things with their environment.

Biotic and Abiotic factors.

Front 33

Biotic Potential?
It will produce what type of growth?

Back 33

Maximum rate a population can grow if Birth Rate is maximized and the Death Rate is minimized.

Exponential Growth

Front 34

Environmental Resistance?
What type of Curve does it produce?

Back 34

Counters Biotic Potential.

Has an S-Shaped Curve.

Front 35

Density-Dependent Factors?

Back 35

factors that become more effective as the density increases.

(predators/parasites)

Front 36

Density-Independent Factors?

Back 36

factors that reduce the population sizes without regarding to density.

(weather, climate, pesticide use, etc.)

Front 37

How do animals try to AVOID competition?

Back 37

Fill different Niches.

Front 38

Competitive Exclusion Principle?

Back 38

if two species occupy the same niche, one will always be the better competitor.

Front 39

Net Primary Productivity?

Back 39

the more NPP in an area, the more life it can support.

Front 40

Trophic Levels?

Back 40

1. Producers
2. Primary Consumers/Herbivores (eat Producers)
3. Secondary Consumers/Carnivores (eat Herbivores)
4. Tertiary Consumers/Carnivores (eat Secondary Consumers)
5. RARE, but possible.

Front 41

Detritus Feeders?

Back 41

Eats dead organisms or their "refuse" (feces, exoskeletons, etc.)

Front 42

How do you determine between different Biomes?

Back 42

Local Climatic Conditions and the amount of Sunlight available.

Front 43

What are the 4 Factors that affect Climate?

Back 43

Sunlight - temperature/precipitation

Air Currents - precipitation

Ocean Currents - precipitation/temperature

Land Features - disrupts air and ocean currents; temperature/precipitation.

Front 44

What are Fossil Fuels?
Where do they come from?

Back 44

Coal, Oil, Natural Gas.

Carbon in an organism's dead bodies were converted to fossil fuels while buried and not decomposing.

Front 45

Biotic Consequences of Global Warming?

Back 45

Natural Selection occurs too slowly to adapt to the changing climates.

Loss of Habitat (ice melting; EX: polar bears)

Front 46

Abiotic Consequences of Global Warming?

Back 46

Global weather altered.

Stronger Hurricanes, more flooding, longer droughts, etc.