Biology Final

Front 1

Low to High Concentration

Back 1

Active Transport

Front 2

High to Low Concentration

Back 2

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 3

What does the xylem transport?

Back 3

Water and dissolved nutrients

Front 4

What does the phloem transport?

Back 4

Sugar (and water)

Front 5

What is the biological definition of life?

Back 5

1. order
2. energy utilization
3. reproduce and grow
4. homeostastis
5. evolutionary adaption

Front 6

Domain Bacteria

Back 6

- single celled organisms
- no nucleus
- include some prokaryotes

Front 7

Domain Archae

Back 7

- single celled organisms
- prokaryotes
- cell walls different than bacteria

Front 8

Domain Eukarya

Back 8

- nucleus
- may or may not have organelles
- include protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

Front 9

How old is the planet and what evidence do we have to prove this?

Back 9

- 4.5 billion years old
- meteroites and moon rocks through radiometric dating

Front 10

What is a cell?

Back 10

water based compartment filled with concentrated chemicals bound by a thin, flexible membrane

Front 11

What is the smallest organism? the tallest?

Back 11

smallest - bacteria
tallest - sequoia tree

Front 12

Describe prokaryotic cells.

Back 12

- membrane and cytoplasm
- no nucleus or organelles
- DNA found in cytoplasm
- cell wall provides structure

Front 13

Describe eukaryotic cells.

Back 13

- membrane and cytoplasm
- cytoplasm has nucleus and organelles
- usually larger than prokaryotes
- some have cell walls (fungi and plants)

Front 14

A fossilized leaf contains 1.5% of the parent isotope (C^14) and 98.5% of daughter isotope (N^14). How many half lives have occurred. If the half life is 5,730, how old is this fossil?

Back 14

6 half lives and the fossil is 34,380 years old.

Front 15

Intact fossils

Back 15

no decomposition

Front 16

Compressed fossils

Back 16

sediments accumulates to compress organims into a thin C-rich film (most common)

Front 17

Premineralized fossils

Back 17

organism decayed very slowly allowing dissolved minerals to accumulate and eventually hardened into stone (rare)

Front 18

Cast fossils

Back 18

organism decomposed and left a hole that was filled in with dissolved minerals that form a cast (common)

Front 19

What are the limitations of the fossil record?

Back 19

1. Habitat bias - favors organisms that live in areas where sediments are deposited
2. Anatomical bias - hard organisms make better fossils than soft ones
3. Temporal bias - favors organisms in higher layers (more recent).
4. Abundance bias - find more fossils of animals that are/were in abundance

Front 20

What is biostratigraphy?

Back 20

using fossil record and radiometric dating to reconstruct earth's history

Front 21

What are covalent bonds?

Back 21

sharing of electrons

Front 22

What are lipids?

Back 22

- store energy and form membranes
- polar head loves water
- nonpolar tail hates water

Front 23

What are carbohydrates?

Back 23

function: energy, communication, help build cell walls and give structure

Front 24

What are proteins?

Back 24

function: EVERYTHING - amino acids, proteins in eye detect light, muscle proteins contract muscles, help make ATP

Front 25

What are nucleic acids?

Back 25

- genetic information

Front 26

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Back 26

DNA - bigger and long, 2 strands of polymers
RNA- smaller, only 1 strand

Front 27

What are the 5 steps from "no cells to cells"?

Back 27

1. evolution of small reduced carbon
2. these molecules reacted to form building blocks of macromolecules
3. macromolecules begin to form
4. evolution of self repeating molecule
5. evolution of replicating cell

Front 28

What does reduced mean?

Back 28

atoms gain electrons

Front 29

What does oxidized mean?

Back 29

atoms lose electrons

Front 30

Miller's experiment

Back 30

- Actually step 2 in the chemical evolution
- combined water, methane, NH3, H3, heat and lightning
- created reduced carbon atmosphere

Front 31

Bar-Nun and Chang's experiment

Back 31

- step 1
- combined water, CO, H2, N2, CO2 and sunlight
- oxidized atmosphere

Front 32

What is binary fission?

Back 32

Cell division in prokaryotes.
1. chromosome (DNA) attaches to membrane.
2. chromosome is duplicated.
3. cell membrane grows.
4. cell membrane invaginates
5. cells separate.

Front 33

Variation in prokaryotic cells.

Back 33

1. mutations - DNA replication cause genetic variation
2. conjugation - lateral transfer of genetic material
3. picking up "free DNA"

Front 34

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 34

eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotes

predictions:
- mitochrondia and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes and circular DNA.

Front 35

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 35

eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotes

predictions:
- mitochrondia and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes and circular DNA.

Front 36

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 36

eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotes

predictions:
- mitochrondia and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes and circular DNA.

Front 37

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 37

eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotes

predictions:
- mitochrondia and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes and circular DNA.

Front 38

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Back 38

eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotes

predictions:
- mitochrondia and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes, divide by binary fission, and have double membranes and circular DNA.