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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Individuals don’t evolve ________ does
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(Populations
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Biologists define evolution as
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(heritable change in a line of descent
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________ is the original source of new alleles
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(mutation
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Natural selection can only occur in a population when there are ________
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differences in forms of heritable traits and selection pressures
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Stabilizing selection
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(eliminates uncommon forms of alleles and favors intermediate forms of a trait
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Directional selection ________
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(favors extreme forms of a trait
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Disruptive selection
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(eliminates common forms of alleles and eliminates uncommon forms of alleles
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Sexual selection such as competition between males for access to fertile females frequently influences aspects of body form and leads to ____________
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(sexual dimorphism
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The persistence of the sickle allele at high frequency in a population is a case of (
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Balanced polumorphism
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______ tends to keep different populations of a species similar to one another
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(Gene flow
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A fire devastates all trees in a wide swath of forest. Populations of a species of tree dwelling frog on either side of the burned area diverge. This is an example of _________
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(Allopatric speciation
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Gene flow-
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allele frequencies change owing to immigration emigration or both
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Natural selection-
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survival of the fittest
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Mutation-
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source of new alleles
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Genetic drift
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-changes in a populations allele frequencies due to chance alone
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Adaptive radiation-
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bursts of divergences from one lineage into a set of niches
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Coevolution
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-leads to interdependent species
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According to the big bang model
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(the universe is continuing to expand
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An abundance of ______ in the atmosphere would have prevented the spontaneous assembly of organic compounds.
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(Oxygen
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Stanley millers experiment demonstrated _________
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(that amino acids can assemble spontaneously
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The prevalence of iron sulfide cofactors in living organisms mayne evidence that life arose _________
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(near deep sea vents
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According to one hypothesis negatively charged clay particles played a role in early __________
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(protein formation
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An RNA that acts as an enzyme is a __________
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(Ribozyme
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Certain pigments that evolved and were later used in photosynthesis may have first helped cells detect ______________
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(heat from hydrothermal vents
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Mitochondria are probably descendants of _________
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(aerobic bacteria
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Infoldings of the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of some prokaryotes may have evolved inti the ________
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(nuclear envelope and the ER membranes
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By the process of ___________ one cell lives inside another cell and the two become interdependent.
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(Endosymbiosis
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A __________ is a dome shaped structure formed by mats of photosynthetic cells and sediments.
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(Stromatolite
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The first eukaryotes were _____________
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(protists
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Mars and jupiters moon europa are considered possible candidates for life because they both _________
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(have ice and may have water
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put these in cronological order: Emergence of the noncyclic pathway, photosynthisis
The big bang, Origine of mitochondria,Origine of protocells Emergence of the cylic pathway, Origine of chloroplasts |
The big bang
Origine of protocells Emergence of the cylic pathway of photosynthis Emergence of the noncyclic pathway of photosynthisis Origine of mitochondria Origine of chloroplasts |
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A habitat __________
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(has distinguishing physical and chemical features is where individuals of a species normally live is occupied by various species
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A species niche includes its __________
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(habitat requirements food requirements reproductive requirements
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What cannot be a symbiosis?
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(interspecific competition
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Lizards and songbirds that share a habitat and both eat flies are an example of _________ competition.
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(exploitative and interspecific
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With character displacement two competing species become________
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(less alike
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Predator and prey populations _____________
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(may undergo cyclic or irregylar changes in density
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Predation-
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one freeliving species feeds on another and usually kills it
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Commensalism is when ____ species interact and one is _______ while the other is _________________
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-two species interact and one benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed
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Parasitism-
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one species feeds on another but does not kill it
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Interspecific competition
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-two species attempt ot utilize the same resource
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By a currently favored hypothesis species richness of a community is greatest between physical disturbances of _______ intensity or frequency
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(intermediate
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Geographic dispersal
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-individuals leave home range become established else where
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Area effect is when there are ______ species on _______ islands than _________ ones at the same didtance from the source of th colonists
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-more species on large islands than small ones at the same distance from the source of colonists
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Pioneer species-
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opportunistic colonizer of barren or disturbed habitat
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Climax community-
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array of species at the end of successional stages in a habitat
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to what degree do Keystone species affect other species
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greatly affects other species
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Exotic species
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-often outcompete displace native species of established community
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Resource partitioning-
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allows competitors to coexist
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In most ecosystems the primary producers use energy from _________ to build organic compounds
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(sunlight
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Organisms at the lowest trophic level in a tallgrass prairie are all ________
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(at the first step away from the original energy input and autotrophs
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Decomposers are commonly
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(fungi and bacteria
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All organisms at the first trophic level get their energy where? where would they be on the energy pyramid
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(capture energy from a nonliving source obtain carbon from a non living source and would be at the bottom of an energy pyramid
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Primary productivity on land is affected by
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(nutrient availability temperature and the amount of sunlight
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If biological magnification occurs the _____________ will have the highest levels of toxins in their systems
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(top carnivores
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Most of earths fresh water is
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(frozen as ice
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Earths largest carbon reservoir is
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(sediments and rocks
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Carbon is released into the atmosphere by ____________
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(aerobic respiration and burning fossil fuels
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Greenhouse gasses ______
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(slow the escape of heat energy from earth into space are produced by natural and human activities and are at higher levels than they were 100 year ago
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The _________ cycle is a sedimentary cycle
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(phosphorus
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Earths largest phosphorus reservoir is _____
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(sediments and rocks
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Plant growth requires ____ & _____ uptake from the soil
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(nitrogen and phosphorus
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Nitrogen fixation converts ________ to _________
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(nitrogen gass to ammonia
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Producers
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-capture sunlight energy
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Herbivores-
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feed on plants
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what do Decomposers do
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-degrade organic wastes and remains to inorganic forms
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Detritivores
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-feed on small bits of organic matter
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Trophic level-
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steps from energy source
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Biological magnification-
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toxins accumulate
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Mutualism
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bennifits both the user and the host
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