Biology Final 106

Front 1

what are the three copmponents of the circulatory system?

Back 1

blood, blood vessels and the heart

Front 2

what is the fluid tissue composed of water, solutes, and formed elements?

Back 2

blood

Front 3

what are the arteries, capillaries, and veins known as?

Back 3

blood vessels

Front 4

what is the muscular pump that generates pressure to keep blood flowing?

Back 4

the heart

Front 5

what does interditial fluid do to the cells of the body?

Back 5

bathes them

Front 6

what kind of system do mollusks and arthropods have?

Back 6

an open system

Front 7

what kind of system to vetebrates have?

Back 7

a closed system

Front 8

how many chambers do fish hearts have?

Back 8

2

Front 9

what does having 2 heart chambers result in?

Back 9

a single circuit

Front 10

amphibians and most reptiles have 2 whats but onle one what?

Back 10

collecting areas; pumping area

Front 11

how many chambers and circuits do mammaels and birds have?

Back 11

4;2

Front 12

which circuit is from the right ventricle to the lungs and then to the left atrium?

Back 12

pulmonary circuit

Front 13

which circuit is from the left ventricle to the rest of the body, then to the right atrium?

Back 13

systematic circuit

Front 14

what 2 things does blood carry to the cells?

Back 14

oxygen and nutrients

Front 15

what does blood carry away from the cells?

Back 15

wastes

Front 16

what does blood stabilize?

Back 16

internal pH

Front 17

what does blood equilize in birds and mammals?

Back 17

body temperature

Front 18

blood contains cells that fight what?

Back 18

infection

Front 19

how many quarts of blood do humans have?

Back 19

4-5 quarts

Front 20

where does some of the blood areise from?

Back 20

red bone marrow

Front 21

what is 50-60% of blood volume?

Back 21

plasma

Front 22

plasma is mostly what?

Back 22

water

Front 23

plasma contains proteins that function in transporting what 2 things?

Back 23

lipid and vitamins

Front 24

what 2 things do plasma proteins function in doing?

Back 24

immune responses and blood clotting

Front 25

what does plasma also contain?

Back 25

other dissolved substances

Front 26

what are erythrocytes?

Back 26

red blood cells

Front 27

what are biconclave dissks that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen?

Back 27

red blood cells

Front 28

what lose their nuclei and live about 4 months?

Back 28

red blood cells

Front 29

how many red blood cells are there in every mm^3

Back 29

5 million

Front 30

what are leukocytes?

Back 30

white blood cells

Front 31

what removes dead cells and prtectas against germs?

Back 31

white blood cells

Front 32

larger whats eat bacteria?

Back 32

white blood cells

Front 33

what produce substances that are involved in immune responses?

Back 33

white blood cells

Front 34

what are fragments of cells that function in blood clotting?

Back 34

platelets

Front 35

what is the red blood cell disorder that involves too few, or deformed red blood cells and has several different causes?

Back 35

anemia

Front 36

a sudden or slow blood loss and an iron defeciency are causes of what?

Back 36

anemia

Front 37

certain protozoans cause what?

Back 37

malaria/anemia

Front 38

sickle cell and thalassemias are 2 what?

Back 38

genetic mutations of red blood cells

Front 39

what is the white blood cell disorder which is a viral disease in which too many monocytes and lyphocytes form?

Back 39

infectious mononucleious (mono)

Front 40

what is a cancer of the red bone marrow and impairs white blood cell formation?

Back 40

leukemia

Front 41

what is necessary before blood transfusion can be done?

Back 41

blood typing

Front 42

all cells have surface proteins that act as what?

Back 42

markers

Front 43

antibodies recognize what on foreign cells?

Back 43

markers

Front 44

if incompatible bloods are mixed what occurs?

Back 44

attigulation (clumping)

Front 45

type AB has what markers?

Back 45

both A and B markers

Front 46

Type O has what markers?

Back 46

neither A or B

Front 47

Rh+ mean what?

Back 47

the blood has a marker

Front 48

Rh- means what?

Back 48

the blood has no marker

Front 49

there are risks in childbirth or pregnancy if ____ women bears a second ____ child

Back 49

Rh-; Rh+

Front 50

what is the route of blood circulation? (7)

Back 50

heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - heart

Front 51

the human heart is a double pump with how many circuits?

Back 51

2

Front 52

oxygen poor blood is pumped to lungs from what side of the heart?

Back 52

right

Front 53

oxygen rich blood is pumped from what side of the heart?

Back 53

left

Front 54

when oxygen is pumped to either side of the heart what is that known as?

Back 54

pulmonary circuit

Front 55

when oxygen rich blood is pumped from the left side of the heart to the entire body what is it known as?

Back 55

systematic circuit

Front 56

what is pericardium?

Back 56

a fluid filled sac

Front 57

what is myocardium?

Back 57

heart muscle

Front 58

what is covered by pericardium and mostly made of myocardium?

Back 58

the heart

Front 59

the heart has how many chambers and valves?

Back 59

4;4

Front 60

each half of the heart consists of what two things seperated by a valve?

Back 60

atrium and ventricle

Front 61

What is the atrium of the heart for?

Back 61

receiving

Front 62

what is the ventricle of the heart for?

Back 62

pumping

Front 63

blood exits each ventricle through what?

Back 63

a valve

Front 64

what cycle consists of a sequence of contarction and relaxation?

Back 64

cardiac cycle

Front 65

as atria fill what is relaxed?

Back 65

ventricles

Front 66

when atria contract what fills?

Back 66

ventricle

Front 67

when ventricles contract what happens?

Back 67

blood flows out of the heart

Front 68

what is the heart sound made by?

Back 68

the closing of the valves

Front 69

what 5 things is Blood distributed by?

Back 69

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Front 70

blood pressure drops along the way of distribution because of what?

Back 70

energy loss by resistance

Front 71

arteries have elastic walls that tend to do what to pulses associated with the heart cycle?

Back 71

"smooth out"

Front 72

special instrument with a cuff surrounding the upper arm can measure what?

Back 72

blood pressure

Front 73

systolic pressure is known as what?

Back 73

peak pressure

Front 74

diastolic pressure is known as what?

Back 74

lowest pressure

Front 75

peak pressure is recorded when ventricle are what?

Back 75

contracting

Front 76

what is the usual peak pressure?

Back 76

120 mm

Front 77

lowest pressure is reached when ventricles are what?

Back 77

relaxing

Front 78

what is the usual lowest pressure?

Back 78

80 mm

Front 79

what are diffusion zones for wxchanges between blood and intersidial fluid?

Back 79

capillaries

Front 80

capillaries merge into what? which merge into what?

Back 80

venules, veins

Front 81

blood pressure in what 2 things is very low?

Back 81

capillaries and venules

Front 82

what prevent backflow of blood?

Back 82

valves

Front 83

what contain 50-60% of blood volume?

Back 83

veins

Front 84

movement of what squezzes veins and pushes blood against the forces of gravity?

Back 84

skeletal muscles

Front 85

what is a silent killer that van affect a person without outward symptoms?

Back 85

hypertension

Front 86

what is known as when lipids (chelosterol) build uo in the arterial wall?

Back 86

arthroscleorsis

Front 87

in artheroscelrosis low-density lipoproteins infiltrate walls causing what to form?

Back 87

plaque

Front 88

enlarging plaques and blood clots narrow or do what?

Back 88

block areteries

Front 89

what are the most vunerable arteries that can lead to a heart attack?

Back 89

tiny coronorary arteries

Front 90

rhythems and arrhyythmias are known as what?

Back 90

abnormal heartbeat

Front 91

all vetebrates have what?

Back 91

a closed circulatory system

Front 92

a person who has type O blood can what?

Back 92

donate blood to a person of any blood type

Front 93

blood flows directly from the left atrium to the?

Back 93

left ventricle

Front 94

blood pressure is highest in the __________ and lowest in the __________

Back 94

arteries; veins

Front 95

at rest, the largest volume of blood is in the

Back 95

veins

Front 96

what diffuse down pressure gradient across moist, permeable membraes?

Back 96

gases

Front 97

the amount of duffision depends on surface area of emembrane and diffrences in what?

Back 97

partial pressure

Front 98

what are the 3 factors of the diffusion rate?

Back 98

surface-to-volume ration, ventiliation, respiratory proteins

Front 99

as an animal grows the sirface area increases at a ______ rate than its volume

Back 99

lesser

Front 100

because of the surface to volume ratio one must have a body design that keeps internal cells close to what?

Back 100

the surface

Front 101

because of the surface to colume ratio one must have a system that moves gases where?

Back 101

inward

Front 102

haveing the adaptations to move air, water over eepiratory surafces is known as what?

Back 102

ventialtion

Front 103

humans move muscles of what to expand and contract the chest cavity?

Back 103

thorax

Front 104

what is the main transport pigment?

Back 104

hemoglobin

Front 105

each hemoglobin molecule binds how many oxygen molecules?

Back 105

4

Front 106

in small animals with low metabolic rates gases diffuse wherre?

Back 106

directly across moist body surface

Front 107

what enahnces oxygen exchange in aquatic invetbrates?

Back 107

gills

Front 108

what use tiny air-conducting tubules, with very little participation by circulatory system?

Back 108

arthropods

Front 109

in what animals does water enter the mouth, flow over the gills and exit just behind the head?

Back 109

vetebrate gills

Front 110

water flows over the gills and blood circulates through them in what direction?

Back 110

the opposite direction (countercurrent flow)

Front 111

what provides a membrane for gaseous exchange with blood?

Back 111

lungs

Front 112

gases diffuse across what?

Back 112

respiratory surfaces (sacs of the lungs)

Front 113

in the body oxygen diffuses from what? (3 steps)

Back 113

blood - intersititial fluid - cells

Front 114

what travles the oxygen route in reverse?

Back 114

carbon dioxide

Front 115

the human respirartory system accomplishes the gas exchange via what?

Back 115

alveoli (air sacs)

Front 116

what permits vocalizations?

Back 116

exhaled air

Front 117

what helps return venous blood to the heart?

Back 117

respiration

Front 118

what helps rid the body of excess heat and water?

Back 118

respiration

Front 119

what helps adjust the body's acid-base balance?

Back 119

respiartion

Front 120

air enters and leaves through what?

Back 120

the nasal cavity

Front 121

when air is exhaled what vibrate to produce sounds?

Back 121

vocal cords

Front 122

what lies in a thin-walled pleural sac?

Back 122

lungs

Front 123

brionchioles end in what?

Back 123

alveoli

Front 124

what provide termedous surface area for gas exchange?

Back 124

alveoli

Front 125

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the membrane in response to what?

Back 125

partial pressure gradients

Front 126

oxygen diffuses down a pressure gradient in to what? (3 levels)

Back 126

blood plasma - red blood cells - binds to hemoglobin

Front 127

what gives up oxygen in tissues where partial pressure of oxygen is low, blood is warmer, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher and pH is lower?

Back 127

hemoglobin

Front 128

10% of carbon dioxide is dissolved into what?

Back 128

plasma

Front 129

30% oif carbond dioxide binds with what?

Back 129

hemoglobin

Front 130

60% of carbon dioxide is in what form?

Back 130

bicarbonate

Front 131

what is active and driven by muscle contractions?

Back 131

inhalation

Front 132

is exhalation passive or active?

Back 132

passive

Front 133

the vital capacity of respiration is ___ in males and ___ liters in females

Back 133

5.7; 4.2

Front 134

the tidal volume is ___ liters

Back 134

0.5

Front 135

what moves in and out during usual breathing?

Back 135

tidal volume

Front 136

what is more important the CO2 concentration or the O2 concentration?

Back 136

CO2

Front 137

what occurs when the tongue or tonsils obstruct the airway?

Back 137

slepp apnea

Front 138

tuberculosis, bacterial, viral and fungal pneumonia are examples of what?

Back 138

a potentiallt deadly infection

Front 139

what is a chronic irritationof the lining of the bronchioles; and an abundance of mucus which may casue bacterial growth?

Back 139

bronchitis

Front 140

what is it known as when the walls of alveoli become fibrous and inefficeient?

Back 140

emphysema

Front 141

what kills thousands and drains millions from the economy?

Back 141

tobacco

Front 142

what is a danger to those who dont smoke themselves?

Back 142

second hand smoke

Front 143

do people that live at high altitudes have more or less red blood cells?

Back 143

more

Front 144

do people who live below sea level have more or less red blood cells?

Back 144

less

Front 145

the most abundant gas in the atmosphere is?

Back 145

nitrogen

Front 146

in crustaceans, most gas exchange occurs at the?

Back 146

gills

Front 147

in human lungs, gas exchange occurs at the?

Back 147

alveolar sacs

Front 148

most oxygen in the blood is transported how?

Back 148

bound to hemoglobin

Front 149

what mechanically and chemically reduces food to absorbable molecules?

Back 149

the digestive system

Front 150

what kind of system has one opening that food enters and waste exits out of?

Back 150

incomplete

Front 151

what kind of system has a tube with 2 openings and food moves in one direction?

Back 151

a complete system

Front 152

where do birds store food?

Back 152

in a strechable crop

Front 153

where do birds grind food?

Back 153

in the gizzard

Front 154

what have multiple stomachs to digest cellulose?

Back 154

ruminants (cows)

Front 155

what digestive system has 2 openings and specilized regions?

Back 155

human

Front 156

what are the 8 parts of the human digestive system?

Back 156

mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus

Front 157

what are the three accessory glands to the digestive system?

Back 157

salivary glands, liver (with gallbladder) and pancreas

Front 158

what has an enameal coat, a dentine core and an inner core?

Back 158

teeth

Front 159

what sort of tooth bites off chunks?

Back 159

incisors

Front 160

what type of tooth tears?

Back 160

canines

Front 161

what type of teeth grind?

Back 161

molars and premolars

Front 162

what contains salivary malyse to begin carbohydtrate digestion?

Back 162

saliva

Front 163

what pushes the ball of food into the phraynx?

Back 163

tongue

Front 164

what is the muscular sac that stores and mixes food and secretes digestive enzymes?

Back 164

stomach

Front 165

what includes hydrochrloric acid, pesin, and mucus?

Back 165

gastric juice

Front 166

secretions from the liver gallbladder and pancreas enter what through a common duct?

Back 166

the small intestine

Front 167

how many regions are in the small intestines?

Back 167

3

Front 168

bile from what organ emusifies fats to speed up digestion?

Back 168

gallbladder

Front 169

trypsin from what organ digests the remianing protein?

Back 169

pancreas

Front 170

bicarbonate from what organ buffers acid from the stomach?

Back 170

the pancreas

Front 171

what consists of many layers?

Back 171

intestines

Front 172

what is absorpative surface areaincreased by fingerlike projections

Back 172

intetsinal lining

Front 173

what stores undigested and unabsorbed material, water and bacteria and reabsorbs water?

Back 173

the large intestines

Front 174

what in the diet is more important in moving material throught the large intetsines

Back 174

fiber

Front 175

what is delayed defacation cause dby stress and/or a low fiber diet?

Back 175

constipation

Front 176

what is an inflamed appentix?

Back 176

appendisitis

Front 177

what cancer is related to diet and speed at which materials move through the large intestines?

Back 177

colon cancer

Front 178

some what are converted to fat for storage and others are converted to glycogen in liver and muscle tissue?

Back 178

carbohydrates

Front 179

one is supposed to eat 55-60% of what food group?

Back 179

carbohydrates

Front 180

one is supposed to eat 15-20% of what food group?

Back 180

proteins

Front 181

one is supposed to eat 20-25% of what food group?

Back 181

fats and other lipids

Front 182

refined sugars have a high what?

Back 182

glycemic index

Front 183

a high glycemic index later leads to what?

Back 183

increased hunger

Front 184

what 2 things are important components of membranes?

Back 184

phospholipids and chelosterol

Front 185

what are enegry reserves and provide insulation and cushining?

Back 185

fats

Front 186

what 2 things can clog small areteries and may cause heart attacks?

Back 186

polysaturated fats and chorlesterol

Front 187

out of the 20 different amino acids how many are essential?

Back 187

8

Front 188

most proteins in animals are _____ most plant proteins are _____

Back 188

complete; incomplete

Front 189

what diet emphasizes grains, fruits and vegatables and limits fat oil to olive oil?

Back 189

medetarraen diet

Front 190

what sort of diets may have undesirable side effects such as ketone production?

Back 190

low-carb

Front 191

what is the right body weight known as?

Back 191

the BMI

Front 192

what may have an influence on whether or not we gain weight?

Back 192

genes

Front 193

after you eat too many calories, your body converts the excess to fats, which accumulate in?

Back 193

adipose tissue

Front 194

most of the products of digestions are absorbed across?

Back 194

villi of the small intestine

Front 195

bile does what?

Back 195

emusifies fat

Front 196

most of our caloric intake should come from?

Back 196

complex carbohydrates

Front 197

what organ filters the blood, forms urine, and maintains body's water-solute fluid?

Back 197

kidneys

Front 198

how do marine bony fishes lose water?

Back 198

through osmosis

Front 199

how do marine bony fishes make up for osmosis?

Back 199

drinking seawater and pumping out the excess salt

Front 200

what are gained by absorption from liquids and foods and metabolism of nutrients?

Back 200

water and solutes

Front 201

what are lost by excretion by urinary system, evaporations from repiratory surfaces, sweating and elimination in feces?

Back 201

water and metabolic wastes

Front 202

what animal does not sweat, has fairly dry feces and strong urine?

Back 202

desert rat

Front 203

what system consists of 2 kidneys each with a ureter leasing to a urinary bladder and a urethra leading to the body surface?

Back 203

mamalian

Front 204

what is about the size of a fist?

Back 204

a kidney

Front 205

what is bean shaped with cortex and medulla regions?

Back 205

kidney

Front 206

what filters a variety of substances from the blood

Back 206

kidney

Front 207

most of the filtrate from the kidneys is returned to the blood; what percent is urine?

Back 207

1

Front 208

what is reflex response but can be controlled by nervous and muscular actions?

Back 208

urination

Front 209

what are the functional units of the kidneys?

Back 209

nephrons

Front 210

what occurs in the glomerous nestled in the bowman's capsule?

Back 210

filtartion

Front 211

Bowman's capsule directs filtrate throu what tubules?

Back 211

nephron

Front 212

what exit the glomeroulous and branch agin around the nephron tubules where water and essential soloutes are reclaimed?

Back 212

capillaries

Front 213

what sort of filtration is it when blood pressure forces filtrate out of the glomerular capillaries?

Back 213

glomrular filtartion

Front 214

filtrate is colledcted by what and funneled into proximal tubule?

Back 214

Bowman's capsule

Front 215

what is known as when water and solutes move across tubular walls, out of the nephron, and into surrounding capillaries?

Back 215

tubular reabsorption

Front 216

what is it known as when substances move from capillaries into nephron walls

Back 216

tubular secretion

Front 217

what are the 3 reasons the kindeys fail?

Back 217

toxins, pathogens, malfunctions

Front 218

what can accumulate in the kidneys?

Back 218

toxins

Front 219

what are the 2 ways to remove kidney stones?

Back 219

surgically or by sound waves

Front 220

what is the process that uses a machine to do the job of the kidneys?

Back 220

dialysis

Front 221

what balance is maintained by the buffer systems, respiration and excretion by the kidneys?

Back 221

the acid-base balance

Front 222

what is the gain of heat from some source or the loss of heat from the body to surroundings?

Back 222

thermal radioation

Front 223

what is the transfer of heat from one object to another when they are in direct contact?

Back 223

conduction

Front 224

what is the transfer of heat by way of moving fluid?

Back 224

convection

Front 225

what is it known as when heated substances change from a liquid to a gas with loss of heat to the surroundings?

Back 225

evaporation

Front 226

what have low metabolic rates and must gain heat from the environment?

Back 226

ectotherms

Front 227

what generates heat from meatbolic activity and reduce heat loss due to feathers, fur or fat

Back 227

endotherms

Front 228

what generate body heat during active periods but hibernate at night?

Back 228

heterotherms

Front 229

the blood vessels near the skin constrict is a response to what?

Back 229

cold stress

Front 230

what causes evaporative heat loss but can be harmful due to water and sodium loss?

Back 230

sweating

Front 231

what is the rise in core temperature and has devastating effects?

Back 231

hyperthermia

Front 232

the blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict is a response to what?

Back 232

heat stress

Front 233

what become more erect to create an insulating layer of still air?

Back 233

hair or feathers

Front 234

what ia common response to cold stress but is not effective for very long and comes at a high metabolic cost?

Back 234

shivering

Front 235

what is it called when the core temperature drops below normal and it can lead to brain damage and death?

Back 235

hypothermia

Front 236

what is localized cell death due to freezing?

Back 236

frostbite

Front 237

a freshwater fsh gains most water by?

Back 237

drinking

Front 238

fluid filterted by Bowman's capsule flows directly into the

Back 238

proximal tubule

Front 239

heat transfer between objects that are in direct contact is

Back 239

conduction

Front 240

an increase in body temperature would be followed by what?

Back 240

activation of sweat glands