Biology Final 1

Front 1

Define element

Back 1

A substance composed of atoms that are chemically identical, alike in their numbers of protons

Front 2

How are compounds affected by a change of state?

Back 2

Doesn't change what the compound is

Front 3

Put these in order:
Sub atomic particle
Compound
Atom
Molecule
Element
Macromolecule

Back 3

Sub atomic particle
Atom
Element
Molecule
Compound
Macromolecule

Front 4

Define isotope

Back 4

One of multiple forms of an element having the same atomic number but a different atomic mass (different in the number of neutrons)

Change in the atomic mass

Front 5

Define ion

Back 5

An atom or molecule that has either gained or lost one or more electrons, givings it a positive or negative charge

Different electric charge

Front 6

List the subatomic particles that make up atoms

Back 6

Protons, electrons, neutrons

Front 7

Explain what happens when atoms gain or lose electrons

Back 7

It now has the ability to make compounds, or it becomes an ion

Front 8

Define pH

Back 8

A scale from 0 to 14 reflecting the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution; a number less that 7 denotes acidic conditions, and a number greater than 7 denotes basic conditions

Front 9

List the elements found in carbohydrates
(3 elements)

What is the ratio?

Back 9

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

(Carbon + Water)

1:1 ratio

Front 10

List the elements in lipids and their intermediate compounds

Back 10

Glycerol and fatty acids

A carbon chain, with hydrogen attached (makes up fatty acid tails)

Front 11

Draw and describe the major components that makes up cell membranes

Back 11

Phospholipids

Front 12

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Back 12

Amino acids

Front 13

Define the roles of:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Back 13

Carbohydrates: Quick energy
Lipids: Long term stored energy
Proteins: Make muscle, skin, hair, enzymes, do most of the cell work
Nucleic acids: Messengers of heredity

Front 14

Define heterotroph

Back 14

An organism that obtains carbon compounds from other organisms

Front 15

State the process that refers to "energy harvest" from food

Back 15

Cellular respiration

Front 16

Explain the difference between a heterotroph and autotroph

Back 16

Autotrophs go under photosynthesis

Front 17

Define the term "abiotic" factor

Back 17

Referring to a physical or nonliving component of an ecosystem

Front 18

How do you recognize a producer when analyzing a food web?

Back 18

Arrows point away from it

Front 19

Define decomposer

Back 19

An organism that lives on decaying organic material, from which it obtains energy and nutrients

Front 20

Consider an experiment where sucrose (a double sugar) and yeast interact and glucose is produced. What are the factors needed in order to make this occur?
(4 things)

Back 20

Sugar
Water
Yeast
Temperature

Front 21

List the parts of the human digestive system in order from mouth to anus
(6 things)

Back 21

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus

Front 22

List the components of cell membranes
(2 things)

Back 22

Phospholipids, proteins for doorways

Front 23

Define diffusion

Back 23

The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area

Front 24

Consider a beaker divided by a semi-permeable membrane. Describe what will happen to water flow if there is more glucose on one side that the other.

Back 24

The water will flow to the side with more glucose, because there is less free water

Front 25

Define passive transport.
List substances that can pass through a cell membrane this way.

Back 25

The diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane

Requires no energy

Water, O2, CO2

Front 26

Define endocyctosis
Exocytosis

How do these differ from passive transport?

Back 26

Endocytosis: The cellular uptake of materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs extracellular materials
Exocytosis: The release of macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

Energy consuming processes that reshape the cell

Front 27

Air breathing animals have lungs composed of tiny air sacs. Explain how these work

Back 27

Blood vessels go around them and diffusion occurs either way, depending on levels of CO2 and oxygen

Front 28

Explain how plants cope with dry weather and dry soil

Back 28

By closing their stomata (air holes)

Front 29

All animals produce nitrogenous waste products. These are?

Back 29

Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid

Front 30

How do animals that live in very dry environments excrete nitrogenous waste?

Back 30

Through uric acid

Front 31

List the way that photosynthesis helps mankind

Back 31

Makes food, and supplies oxygen

Front 32

Where is chlorophyll found within a chloroplast?

Back 32

Thylakoid

Front 33

Write the equation for photosynthesis

Back 33

CO2 + H2O = C6 H12 O6 + O2

Front 34

What is the final product of the light reaction of photosynthesis?

Back 34

NADPH and oxygen

Front 35

What are all the products of the lights reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 35

Sugar, oxygen, and ATP

Front 36

What significant product results from photosynthesis?

Back 36

Oxygen

Front 37

Why are plant leaves green?

Back 37

Reflect green

Front 38

Explain what an action spectrum shows and how it might be obtained

Back 38

If you shine light on a plant, it splits water, and produces more oxygen

Front 39

During photosynthesis water is split. What happens to the elements that make up the water?

Back 39

Oxygen is released
H+ gains electrons, and attaches to NADP

Front 40

What is a photoautotroph?
Where do they live?

Back 40

An organism that derives energy from light and forms its own organic compounds (food) from abiotic carbon sources

Front 41

What does the Calvin Cycle need to proceed?

Back 41

CO2, products of the light reactions

Front 42

During photosynthesis is oxygen used? If so when?

Back 42

No

Front 43

During photosynthesis is carbon dioxide used? If so, when?

Back 43

Yes, the Calvin cycle (dark reactions)

Front 44

During photosynthesis is oxygen produced? If so, when?

Back 44

Yes, the light cycle (light reactions)

Front 45

During photosynthesis is glucose broken down. If so, when?

Back 45

No, built up

Front 46

What is the relationship between temperature and the rate of photosynthesis?

Back 46

The greater the temperature, the more photosynthesis, up to a point

Front 47

How do you know that an aquatic plant is undergoing photosynthesis?

Back 47

Bubbles

Front 48

Why is photosynthesis considered important?

Back 48

Gives us oxygen and food

Front 49

What does cellular respiration do?
(3 things)

Back 49

1. Glycolysis: Can occur aerobically
2. Krebs cycle Mitochondria and O2
3. Electron Transport System

Front 50

Describe the flow of energy in cells

Back 50

Food to ADP to ATP

Front 51

Write the equation for cellular respiration

Back 51

C6H12C6 = 6H20 + 6CO2 + energy

Front 52

What waste product(s) result from cellular respiration?
(2 things)

Back 52

Carbon dioxide
H20

Front 53

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 53

Cytoplasm

Front 54

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Back 54

Matrix of mitochondria

Front 55

Where is most of the cell's ATP produced?

Back 55

Membrane of the mitochondria

Front 56

What is the role of mitochondria in cell respiration?

Back 56

Makes ATP

Front 57

What is the actual mechanism that produces ATP?

Back 57

ATP Synthase

Front 58

When is NADH oxidized in cell respiration?

Back 58

Electron Transport

Front 59

What is common to photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation?

Back 59

They involve the exchange of the gases; oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 60

Do plants use carbon dioxide?

Back 60

Yes

Front 61

What is the relationship between the needs of plants and the needs of animals?

Back 61

Contemplate each other because we breathe out what they breathe in, and vice versa

Front 62

What is needed to observe cells?

Back 62

Scanning electron microscope

Front 63

How can you recognize a bacterial cell?

Back 63

A prokaryote
No cell organelles, except for ribosomes

Front 64

How can you distinguish between an organelle, an organ, and an organism?

Back 64

Organelle: A system in a cell
Organ: A system in an organism
Organism: A group of organs

Front 65

Describe the relationship among the cells of a multicellular organism

Back 65

Rely on each other because they are specialists

Front 66

Why do large organisms contain organ systems?

Back 66

Each organ is specialized so we need different organ systems for each job

Front 67

Describe prokaryotic cell division

Back 67

Double their size and then split

Front 68

What is the result of the cell cycle?

Back 68

Two cells

Front 69

What part of a cell is associated with heredity?

Back 69

Nucleus

Front 70

Describe the ideal hereditary carrier

Back 70

DNA

Front 71

What is the sequence of events in the cell cycle?

Back 71

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Front 72

Describe the structure of a chromosome

Back 72

Two sister chromatids
A kinectichore
Four chromatids

Front 73

Sequence the events in mitosis

Back 73

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Front 74

Describe typical decomposers, herbivores, and carnivores and producers as they appear in any ecosystem

Back 74

Decomposers return all elements into the system
Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat herbivores

Front 75

How has the carbon cycle changed in recent years?

Back 75

By man's influence, we now have more carbon in the air, and we kill trees

Front 76

Describe events in the water cycle

Back 76

Precipitation
Rain

Front 77

Sequence events in primary succession

Back 77

Starts with bare rock
Lichen decompose rock, into soil
Plants grow

Front 78

Define biome

Back 78

The kind of biological community typically associated with a particular physical environment; often named for its plant cover

Front 79

What is the greenhouse effect?
What causes it?

Back 79

Too much carbon messes with the atmosphere, so sunlight gets stuck.

Front 80

What are the functions of the cell membrane?
(4 things)

Back 80

Forms a barrier from the inside of the cell to the outside

Releases and accepts materials

Gives form and shape to the cell

May connect one or more cells together

Front 81

What is a contractile vacuole?

Back 81

A vacuole that will take in any extra water

Front 82

What does a contractile vacuole do?

Back 82

Pumps excess water out of a cell and is found prominently in freshwater protists.They are found in both plant and animal cells. It pumps the water out from the cytoplasm.

Front 83

Function of nucleus and nucleolis?

Back 83

The nucleus contains DNA and is the brain of the cell

The nucleolis is a storage for RNA (makes ribosomes)

Front 84

Function of ribosomes?

Back 84

Build proteins

Front 85

Function of endoplasmic reticulum?
(3 things)

Back 85

A series of transport canals

Transports materials like proteins and their building blocks

Is folded

Front 86

Function of Golgi apparatus?
(2 things)

Back 86

A warehouse for the proteins that have been built

Packages them for storage or export

Front 87

Function of cytoskeleton?

Back 87

Framework of the cell

Front 88

Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 88

Makes more membrane material so the cell can grow

Front 89

Function of mitochondria?

Back 89

Converts food into energy (ATP)

Front 90

Function of vacuoles?

Back 90

Storage for food, water, and wastes

Front 91

Function of lysosomes?

Back 91

Contain digestive enzymes

Front 92

Function of centrosomes/centriole?

Back 92

Organize the cells for division (in animals)

Front 93

Function of cytoplasm?

Back 93

The liquid inside our cells