Biology (Fall 2014) Test #2 - Ch. 25 Power Points

Front 1

1. Absorption: Getting ______ to Every Cell in our Body

Back 1

1. Absorption: Getting [ENERGY] to Every Cell in our Body

Front 2

2. The US Food Plate

Back 2

2. The US Food Plate

Front 3

3. C-O bonds and C-H bonds

Back 3

3. C-O bonds and C-H bonds

Front 4

4. International standard to measure appropriate body ______ is the body mass index (BMI).

Back 4

4. International standard to measure appropriate body [WEIGHT] is the body mass index (BMI).

Front 5

5. Body weight in kilograms _______ by your height in meter2.

Back 5

5. Body weight in kilograms [DIVIDED] by your height in meter2.

Front 6

6. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a minimal energy consumption when the body is at ____.

Back 6

6. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a minimal energy consumption when the body is at [REST].

Front 7

7. ________ raises the basal metabolic rate.

Back 7

7. [EXERCISE] raises the basal metabolic rate.

Front 8

8. “Eat your vegetables” Fiber is the part of the plant that we cannot digest. It helps to pass food through the _____.

Back 8

8. “Eat your vegetables” Fiber is the part of the plant that we cannot digest. It helps to pass food through the [COLON].

Front 9

9. Essential amino acids – the amino acids that we cannot __________ (lysine, trypotophan, threonine, methionine, plenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine), so we have to consume them in the food we eat.

Back 9

9. Essential amino acids – the amino acids that we cannot [SYNTHESIZE] (lysine, trypotophan, threonine, methionine, plenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine), so we have to consume them in the food we eat.

Front 10

10. Trace elements are ________ that are required in small amounts.

Back 10

10. Trace elements are [MINERALS] that are required in small amounts.

Front 11

11. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Iodine (component of _______ hormone).

Back 11

11. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Iodine (component of [THYROID] hormone).

Front 12

12. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: ______ (component of vitamin B12).

Back 12

12. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: [COBALT] (component of vitamin B12).

Front 13

13. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Zinc and Molybdenum (components of _______).

Back 13

13. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Zinc and Molybdenum (components of [ENZYMES]).

Front 14

14. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Manganese

Back 14

14. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Manganese

Front 15

15. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Selenium

Back 15

15. Trace elements are minerals that are required in small amounts: Selenium

Front 16

16. Vitamins are essential organic substances that are used in trace amounts. We need 13 different vitamins to stay healthy. Some are required as _________ for cellular enzymes.

Back 16

16. Vitamins are essential organic substances that are used in trace amounts. We need 13 different vitamins to stay healthy. Some are required as [COFACTORS] for cellular enzymes.

Front 17

17. Digestion – mechanical and ________ breakdown of foods into smaller components.

Back 17

17. Digestion – mechanical and [CHEMICAL] breakdown of foods into smaller components.

Front 18

18. Digestion varies based upon the ______ habits of the organism.

Back 18

18. Digestion varies based upon the [EATING] habits of the organism.

Front 19

19. Herbivores – animals that eat ______ almost exclusively (multi-chambered stomachs and longer intestines).

Back 19

19. Herbivores – animals that eat [PLANTS] almost exclusively (multi-chambered stomachs and longer intestines).

Front 20

20. Carnivores – animals that eat ____ almost exclusively (short intestines).

Back 20

20. Carnivores – animals that eat [MEAT] almost exclusively (short intestines).

Front 21

21. _________ – animals that eat both plants and animals.

Back 21

21. [OMNIVORES] – animals that eat both plants and animals.

Front 22

22. Digestive enzymes help break down ____ particles.

Back 22

22. Digestive enzymes help break down [FOOD] particles.

Front 23

23. _________ systems are specialized with a separate mouth and anus.

Back 23

23. [DIGESTIVE] systems are specialized with a separate mouth and anus.

Front 24

24. Physically breaking down food may occur by _______ (teeth in the mouth) or ________ (pebbles in bird or earthworm gizzards).

Back 24

24. Physically breaking down food may occur by [CHEWING] (teeth in the mouth) or [GRINDING] (pebbles in bird or earthworm gizzards).

Front 25

25. Chemically ________ down food happens throughout digestive systems.

Back 25

25. Chemically [BREAKING] down food happens throughout digestive systems.

Front 26

26. Carbohydrates – begins in _____ or stomach.

Back 26

26. Carbohydrates – begins in [MOUTH] or stomach.

Front 27

27. Most chemical digestion occurs in the __________.

Back 27

27. Most chemical digestion occurs in the [INTESTINES].

Front 28

28. __________ occurs as the products of digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut and ultimately end up in the blood.

Back 28

28. [ABSORPTION] occurs as the products of digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut and ultimately end up in the blood.

Front 29

29. ______ receives from the large intestine, urinary and reproductive systems.

Back 29

29. [CLOACA] receives from the large intestine, urinary and reproductive systems.

Front 30

30. What do animals do without teeth?

Back 30

30. What do animals do without teeth?

Front 31

31. Different teeth have different functions: central and lateral _______ is for nipping and biting.

Back 31

31. Different teeth have different functions: central and lateral [INCISOR] is for nipping and biting.

Front 32

32. Different teeth have different functions: ______ (cuspid) is for tearing.

Back 32

32. Different teeth have different functions: [CANINE] (cuspid) is for tearing.

Front 33

33. Different teeth have different functions: first and second premolar (bicuspid) and first, second and third molar is for ________ and ________.

Back 33

33. Different teeth have different functions: first and second premolar (bicuspid) and first, second and third molar is for [GRINDING] and [CRUSHING].

Front 34

FREEBEE (SKIP)

Back 34

FREEBEE (SKIP)

Front 35

FREEBEE (SKIP)

Back 35

FREEBEE (SKIP)

Front 36

36. Each tooth is an _____.

Back 36

36. Each tooth is an [ORGAN].

Front 37

37. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete ______.

Back 37

37. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete [SALIVA].

Front 38

38. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva: which moistens and lubricates ____.

Back 38

38. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva: which moistens and lubricates [FOOD].

Front 39

39. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva: contains amalyse which initiates the break down of ______ into maltose.

Back 39

39. As your teeth chew, three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva: contains amalyse which initiates the break down of [STARCH] into maltose.

Front 40

40. Amalyse secretion is controlled by the nervous system at a constant rate of ½ milliliter per ______.

Back 40

40. Amalyse secretion is controlled by the nervous system at a constant rate of ½ milliliter per [MINUTE].

Front 41

41. Increase secretion of _______ is triggered by food.

Back 41

41. Increase secretion of [AMALYSE] is triggered by food.

Front 42

42. Swallowing: (1) Elevation of the ____ palate.

Back 42

42. Swallowing: (1) Elevation of the [SOFT] palate.

Front 43

43. Swallowing: (2) Muscle stimulation raises the ______ (voice box) which pushes the glottis against the epiglottis.

Back 43

43. Swallowing: (2) Muscle stimulation raises the [LARNYX] (voice box) which pushes the glottis against the epiglottis.

Front 44

44. Swallowing: (3) Food is directed into the _________ and not the respiratory tract.

Back 44

44. Swallowing: (3) Food is directed into the [ESOPHAGUS] and not the respiratory tract.

Front 45

45. Youtube Video: My X Ray swallows - Look for: _________ of the soft palate AND muscle stimulation ______ the larnyx (voice box).

Back 45

45. Youtube Video: My X Ray swallows - Look for: [ELEVATION] of the soft palate AND muscle stimulation [RAISES] the larnyx (voice box).

Front 46

46. Peristalsis – rhythmic waves of ________ contraction.

Back 46

46. Peristalsis – rhythmic waves of [MUSCULAR] contraction.

Front 47

47. _________ – ring of circular smooth muscle.

Back 47

47. [SPHINCTER] – ring of circular smooth muscle.

Front 48

48. Relaxing of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach allows stomach contents to be forcibly ________ through the mouth.

Back 48

48. Relaxing of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach allows stomach contents to be forcibly [EXPELLED] through the mouth.

Front 49

49. It can also cause heartburn or ____ reflux (chronic or severe heartburn).

Back 49

49. It can also cause heartburn or [ACID] reflux (chronic or severe heartburn).

Front 50

50. _______ – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract.

Back 50

50. [STOMACH] – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract.

Front 51

51. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: when _____ – 50 milliliters.

Back 51

51. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: when [EMPTY] – 50 milliliters.

Front 52

52. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: when full – 2-4 ______.

Back 52

52. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: when full – 2-4 [LITERS].

Front 53

53. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: smooth muscle churns food and _______ juices.

Back 53

53. Stomach – convoluted saclike part of the digestive tract: smooth muscle churns food and [GASTRIC] juices.

Front 54

54. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor that is ________ from parietal cells and pepsinogen that is ________ from chief cells.

Back 54

54. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor that is [SECRETED] from parietal cells and pepsinogen that is [SECRETED] from chief cells.

Front 55

55. Gastrin is the hormone secreted by endocrine cells within the walls of the _______ that regulates the production of HCl.

Back 55

55. Gastrin is the hormone secreted by endocrine cells within the walls of the [STOMACH] that regulates the production of HCl.

Front 56

56. Gastric juice has a pH of 2 (very acidic) which activates pepsinogen to cut other pepsinogen molecules and make ______ (very active protease).

Back 56

56. Gastric juice has a pH of 2 (very acidic) which activates pepsinogen to cut other pepsinogen molecules and make [PEPSIN] (very active protease).

Front 57

57. Gastric juice is so acidic that it kills most ________ that is eaten in/with food.

Back 57

57. Gastric juice is so acidic that it kills most [BACTERIA] that is eaten in/with food.

Front 58

58. _____ is the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice.

Back 58

58. [CHYME] is the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice.

Front 59

59. The stomach is protected from all this ____ by an alkaline (basic) mucus and gastric epithelial cells are replaced every 2-3 days.

Back 59

59. The stomach is protected from all this [ACID] by an alkaline (basic) mucus and gastric epithelial cells are replaced every 2-3 days.

Front 60

60. Overproduction of gastric juices can lead to ______, especially if the protective layer is weakened by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

Back 60

60. Overproduction of gastric juices can lead to [ULCERS], especially if the protective layer is weakened by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

Front 61

61. Water from chyme and a few substances such as aspirin and alcohol are absorbed through the ____ of the stomach.

Back 61

61. Water from chyme and a few substances such as aspirin and alcohol are absorbed through the [WALL] of the stomach.

Front 62

62. Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine in _____ amounts at a time.

Back 62

62. Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine in [SMALL] amounts at a time.

Front 63

63. In the small intestine, _________ is completed for carbohydrates, fats and proteins (into glucose, fatty acids and amino acids) and __________ of the smaller molecules occurs through the small intestinal wall.

Back 63

63. In the small intestine, [DIGESTION] is completed for carbohydrates, fats and proteins (into glucose, fatty acids and amino acids) and [ABSORPTION] of the smaller molecules occurs through the small intestinal wall.

Front 64

64. The enzymes needed for this digestion are either secreted by glands in the intestinal wall or by the ________.

Back 64

64. The enzymes needed for this digestion are either secreted by glands in the intestinal wall or by the [PANCREAS].

Front 65

65. Secretions from the pancreas and liver (bile _____) empty into the duodenum (first 25 cm or 4% of the small intestine).

Back 65

65. Secretions from the pancreas and liver (bile [SALTS]) empty into the duodenum (first 25 cm or 4% of the small intestine).

Front 66

66. Bile salts begin to turn fats into microscopic droplets (______________) so that lipase can break them down further.

Back 66

66. Bile salts begin to turn fats into microscopic droplets ([EMULSIFICATION]) so that lipase can break them down further.

Front 67

67. Digestion continues in the _______ (next 5 ½ to 6 meters of the small intestine).

Back 67

67. Digestion continues in the [JEJUNUM] (next 5 ½ to 6 meters of the small intestine).

Front 68

68. The ileum (last 2 to 4 meters of the small intestine) is devoted to _____ absorption.

Back 68

68. The ileum (last 2 to 4 meters of the small intestine) is devoted to [WATER] absorption.

Front 69

69. The small intestine is convoluted with many villi that have microvilli to ________ surface area for absorption.

Back 69

69. The small intestine is convoluted with many villi that have microvilli to [INCREASE] surface area for absorption.

Front 70

70. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 2 ______ food and beverage.

Back 70

70. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 2 [LITERS] food and beverage.

Front 71

71. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1-1/2 liters from ________ glands.

Back 71

71. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1-1/2 liters from [SALIVARY] glands.

Front 72

72. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 2 liters from _______ secretions.

Back 72

72. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 2 liters from [GASTRIC] secretions.

Front 73

73. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1/2 liter from the _____.

Back 73

73. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1/2 liter from the [LIVER].

Front 74

74. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1-1/2 liters __________ secretions.

Back 74

74. Small and large intestines, what passes through? 1-1/2 liters [INTESTINAL] secretions.

Front 75

75. The large intestine (_____) is about 1 meter long and has a wider diameter.

Back 75

75. The large intestine ([COLON]) is about 1 meter long and has a wider diameter.

Front 76

76. Contents from the small intestine enter the colon at a junction where the cecum and the ________ are located.

Back 76

76. Contents from the small intestine enter the colon at a junction where the cecum and the [APPENDIX] are located.

Front 77

77. The colon is not convoluted, nor does it have __________.

Back 77

77. The colon is not convoluted, nor does it have [MICROVILLI].

Front 78

78. Some water, sodium and _______ _ are absorbed through the colon.

Back 78

78. Some water, sodium and [VITAMIN K] are absorbed through the colon.

Front 79

79. Mostly undigested material, including plant fiber and cellulose, are compacted into _____ and stored.

Back 79

79. Mostly undigested material, including plant fiber and cellulose, are compacted into [FECES] and stored.

Front 80

80. Bacteria living in the colon survive by ____________ of the waste and produce gas (500 milliliters a day).

Back 80

80. Bacteria living in the colon survive by [FERMENTATION] of the waste and produce gas (500 milliliters a day).

Front 81

81. Everything passes into the ______ (end of the colon) and through the anus.

Back 81

81. Everything passes into the [RECTUM] (end of the colon) and through the anus.

Front 82

82. Most animals lack the enzymes for cellulose digestion. Some prokaryotes (bacteria) and protists convert cellulose into something the host animal can ______.

Back 82

82. Most animals lack the enzymes for cellulose digestion. Some prokaryotes (bacteria) and protists convert cellulose into something the host animal can [DIGEST].

Front 83

83. Some insects (termites and cockroaches) and a few herbivores need cellulose as their ___________ requirement.

Back 83

83. Some insects (termites and cockroaches) and a few herbivores need cellulose as their [NUTRITIONAL] requirement.

Front 84

84. Ruminants are animals with large divided ________ (cows and deer etc.).

Back 84

84. Ruminants are animals with large divided [STOMACHS] (cows and deer etc.).

Front 85

85. (1) ____ enters rumen (50 gallons fermentation vat).

Back 85

85. (1) [FOOD] enters rumen (50 gallons fermentation vat).

Front 86

86. (2) Contents leave the rumen and are chewed and swallowed before entering the _________.

Back 86

86. (2) Contents leave the rumen and are chewed and swallowed before entering the [RETICULUM].

Front 87

87. (3) Pass into the ______.

Back 87

87. (3) Pass into the [OMASUM].

Front 88

88. (4) And into the abomasum where it is mixed with _______ juice.

Back 88

88. (4) And into the abomasum where it is mixed with [GASTRIC] juice.

Front 89

89. Other herbivores use microorganisms in the cecum to digest _________ (rodents, horses and rabbits).

Back 89

89. Other herbivores use microorganisms in the cecum to digest [CELLULOSE] (rodents, horses and rabbits).

Front 90

90. Rodents will consume their feces (coprophagy) to gain the _________ from digested cellulose by microorganisms.

Back 90

90. Rodents will consume their feces (coprophagy) to gain the [NUTRIENTS] from digested cellulose by microorganisms.

Front 91

91. Animals that eat _______ have a reduced or absent cecum.

Back 91

91. Animals that eat [PROTEIN] have a reduced or absent cecum.

Front 92

92. Honeyguides (African birds) eat wax from bees’ nests and ______ it with the aid of microorganisms.

Back 92

92. Honeyguides (African birds) eat wax from bees’ nests and [DIGEST] it with the aid of microorganisms.

Front 93

93. Pancreas – large gland situated near the junction of the stomach and _____ intestine.

Back 93

93. Pancreas – large gland situated near the junction of the stomach and [SMALL] intestine.

Front 94

94. Exocrine role of Pancreas (_____ with ducts).

Back 94

94. Exocrine role of Pancreas ([GLAND] with ducts).

Front 95

95. (Pancreas) secretes _______ to break down proteins (trypsin and chymotrypsin), carbohydrates (amylase) and fats (lipase).

Back 95

95. (Pancreas) secretes [ENZYMES] to break down proteins (trypsin and chymotrypsin), carbohydrates (amylase) and fats (lipase).

Front 96

96. Pancreas also contains bicarbonate which neutralizes the HCl from the stomach and makes the _____ slightly alkaline (basic).

Back 96

96. Pancreas also contains bicarbonate which neutralizes the HCl from the stomach and makes the [CHYME] slightly alkaline (basic).

Front 97

97. _________ role of Pancreas (ductless gland).

Back 97

97. [ENDOCRINE] role of Pancreas (ductless gland).

Front 98

98. Pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon that are made in the islets of __________.

Back 98

98. Pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon that are made in the islets of [LANGERHANS].

Front 99

99. The liver (exocrine secretion) produces bile (bile salts) to turn ____ into microscopic droplets (emulsification).

Back 99

99. The liver (exocrine secretion) produces bile (bile salts) to turn [FATS] into microscopic droplets (emulsification).

Front 100

100. The bile is stored in the gallbladder until stimulated for _______ by fats (endocrine reflex).

Back 100

100. The bile is stored in the gallbladder until stimulated for [RELEASE] by fats (endocrine reflex).

Front 101

101. If the gallbladder is blocked by __________ (hardened precipitate of cholesterol) contraction of the gallbladder causes sharp pain.

Back 101

101. If the gallbladder is blocked by [GALLSTONES] (hardened precipitate of cholesterol) contraction of the gallbladder causes sharp pain.

Front 102

102. The liver also __________ modifies substances before they reach the parts of the body.

Back 102

102. The liver also [CHEMICALLY] modifies substances before they reach the parts of the body.

Front 103

103. Alcohol and other drugs are ___________ by the liver.

Back 103

103. Alcohol and other drugs are [METABOLIZED] by the liver.

Front 104

104. The liver also removes toxins, pesticides, carcinogens and other poisons converting them into ____-_____ forms.

Back 104

104. The liver also removes toxins, pesticides, carcinogens and other poisons converting them into [LESS-TOXIC] forms.

Front 105

105. Excess amino acids in the blood are converted to _______ by the liver.

Back 105

105. Excess amino acids in the blood are converted to [GLUCOSE] by the liver.

Front 106

106. Absorption: Getting Energy to Every ____ in our Body.

Back 106

106. Absorption: Getting Energy to Every [CELL] in our Body.

Front 107

107. Overview of Digestion - Youtube video: The Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28

Back 107

107. Overview of Digestion - Youtube video: The Digestive System: CrashCourse Biology #28

Front 108

108. Carbohydrate Digestion - Video: Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products

Back 108

108. Carbohydrate Digestion - Video: Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption: Process & End Products

Front 109

109. Protein Digestion - Video: Protein Digestion and Absorption Process

Back 109

109. Protein Digestion - Video: Protein Digestion and Absorption Process

Front 110

110. Lipid Digestion - Video: Lipids Digestion and Absorption

Back 110

110. Lipid Digestion - Video: Lipids Digestion and Absorption