Biology Exam

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Genetic Engineering

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inserting cloned genes into an organism

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transgenic organism

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containing genes that originated in another organism

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cloning genes

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making identical copies

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biotechnology

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the use of natural biological systems to create a product

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recombinant DNA technology

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contains DNA from 2 or more different organisms

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vector

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used to carry foreign DNA

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Human Insulin

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made by bacterial cells

Human gene removed, put into plasmid, plasmid into bacteria, bacteria produces insulin

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

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amplifies specific DNA sequences, cycles over and over again doubling each time

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Primers

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specific DNA segment to be amplified

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DNA Fingerprinting

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PCR to amplify, electrophoresis separates samples by size, longer strands are larger and migrate less on the gel

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reproductive cloning

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desired in is an individual exactly like the original

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therapeutic cloning

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desired end is mature cells for learning more about cell specialization and treating human illnesses

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embryonic stem cells

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common but unethical, cells are from embryos-therapeutic

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adult stem cells

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non-specialized cells, not as unethical-therapeutic

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GMO's

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commonly confused especially in food

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Pharming

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use of transgenic farm animal to produce pharmaceuticals in milk

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Traditional Breeding

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selecting seeds of plants that have favored traits

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Mutagenisis

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exposing seeds to chemicals or atomic radiation (gamma rays)

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RNA Interference

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targeted genes switched on or off or silenced by RNA

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Transgenics

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insertion of selected genes using recombinant DNA samples

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genomics

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study of genomes

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genome comparisons

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clues about evolution

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proteomics

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explores function of cellular proteins

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bioinformatics

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application of computer technologies to study genome and proteome

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transposons

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jumping genes-multicolored corn

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Point Mutations (Base Substitutions)

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change in single DNA nucleotide- sickle cell anemia

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Point Mutations (Frameshift Mutations)

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extra or missing nucleotides- insertions or deletions

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Deletion

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when a single break causes a chromosome to lose an end or 2 breaks means the loss of an internal segment

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Duplication

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chromosome segment repeated-there are 2 alleles for certain traits

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Translocation

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exchange of chromosome segments between 2 nonhomologous structures

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Inversion

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segment of chromosome is turned 180 degrees-reversed sequence of alleles

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Genetic Counseling

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potential parents advised on their risk of inherited disorders

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Karyotyping

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visual display of chromosomes by size, shape, and banding pattern

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Amniocentesis

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sample of amniotic fluid taken-not until 14th-17th week of pregnancy

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Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

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chorionic cells from where placenta will develop on uterus wall-early as 5th week-dividing cells are stopped

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Genetic Marker

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relies on abnormality of DNA sequence due to an abnormal allele

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DNA Chip

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provides probes

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Probes

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single-stranded DNA that binds to complementary DNA from patient to show particular mutated genes

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ultrasound

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helps evaluate fetal anatomy for serious abnormalities

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Testing Fetal Cells

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cells from mother's blood or CVS or amniocentisis

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Testing Embryo

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1 cell can be removed without harming the embryo

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Testing the Egg

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meiosis results in single egg, 2 polar bodies which can be used to test the egg

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Ex vivo

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outside the body- bone marrow removed, then returned to the body

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In vivo

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inside the body- use liposomes or adenoviruses to carry gene

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Mendel

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garden pea experiment

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Mendel's first law of inheritance

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law of segregation

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law of segregation

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2 factors per trait, factors separate during formation of gametes, gametes have one factor from each factor pair, fertilization gives new individual 2 factors per trait

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alleles

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alternative forms of a gene

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gene locus

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the particular location of alleles on homologous structures

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genotype

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alleles an individual receives at fertilization

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homozygous

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2 indentical alleles

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heterozygous

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2 different alleles

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phenotype

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physical appearance of an individual

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2 trait inheritance

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if 4 factors segregate into gametes independently, 4 phenotypes would result

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law of independent assortment

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Each pair of factors segregates (assorts) independently of the other pairs.All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes.

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pedigree

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males are squares, females circles, shading = disorder, line between 2 = relationship

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autosomal recessive disorder

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child can be affected when neither parent is effected

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autosomal dominant disorder

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child can be unaffected even when both parents are effected

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incomplete dominance

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human wavy hair is a mix between curly and straight

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multiple allele traits

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codominant

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polygenic inheritance

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trait is governed by 2 or more sets of alleles

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multifactorial traits

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polygenic traits subject to environmental effects

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pleiotropy

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single genes have more than one effect

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x-linked recessive disorder

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sons inherit traits from mothers-grandfather to grandson (red-green color blindness)

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x-linked dominant

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affected females can pass disorder to sons and daughters

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y chromosome disorders

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present in only males and passed to only sons

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meiosis

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reducing chromosome number, shuffling chromosomes to make different gametes

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meiosis 1

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homologous chromosomes line up and separate

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meiosis 2

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sister chromatids separate, two daughter nuclei form

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crossing over

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prophase 1- exchange of genetic material

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synapsis

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homologous structures form a tetrad

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nondisjunction

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the failure to separate properly

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mitosis

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one clear division- 2 daughter celss