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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the goal of science?
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to learn the causes of events in nature
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What is a controlled experiment?
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allows the researcher to isolate and test a single variable
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What is the scientific method?
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process that outlines a series of steps used to answer questions.
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Is the scientific method a rigid procedure and what does it require?
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No; evidence to logically solve problems
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What are the scientific method steps in order?
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observations
hypothesis experimentation conclusions theory |
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What's an endothermic reaction and how many arrows does the graph have?
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chemical reactions that absorb energy; 2
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What's an exothermic reaction and how many arrows does its graph have?
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chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound; 1
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Is photosynthesis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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endothermic
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Is the mixture of chlorine and sodium to make table salt a endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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exothermic
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Is the melting of ice a endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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endothermic
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Is food digestion a endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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exothermic
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Is a fire burning a endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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exothermic
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What is an enzyme?
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a catalyst that is used to speed up chemical reactions in your body
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What is the suffix that is used for most enzymes?
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-ase
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What is activation energy?
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Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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What is a catalyst?
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Substances that speed up chemical reactions by bringing the reactants or substrates in close proximity
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What is an example of a catalyst?
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an enzyme
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What is a substrate?
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the base on which an organism lives
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What is an active site?
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part of an enzyme at which catalysis of substrates occurs
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What are the different types of inhibitors?
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Competitive and Noncompetive
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What's a competitive inhibitor?
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blocks the entrance of a substrate.
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Is a competitive inhibitor reversible?
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no
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What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
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causes active site to change shape so the substrate can't fit
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Is a noncompetitive inhibitor reversible?
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maybe, maybe not
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What is metabolism?
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set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
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Who was the 1st person to use the term 'cell' in 1665?
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Robert Hooke
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What are the 3 parts to the cell theory?
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1. the cell is the basic unit of life
2. cells come from other living things 3. all living things are composed of cells |
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What are 4 things that all cells have?
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1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm 3. Cytoskeleton 4. Ribosomes |
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What is a prokaryote?
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1. NO NUCLEUS
2. genetic material in nucleoid region 3. SMALLER THAN EUKARYOTES |
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Is a bacteria a prokaryote or eukaryote?
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prokaryote
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What is an eukaryote?
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1. NUCLEUS
2. has membrane bound organelles 3. BIGGER THAN PROKARYOTES |
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Are plants and animals prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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What is the importance of multicellularity?
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because the cells are specialized to perform particular functions within the organism
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What are the levels of organization in living things?
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1. individual cells
2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems |
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What is the active transport?
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when a cell must move materials in the opposite direction against a concentration difference
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What is an example of an active transport?
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Phagocytosis
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What is endocytosis?
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the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane
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What is exocytosis?
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when the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
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What is osmosis?
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the diffusion of water through a selectively permable membrane
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What is a hypertonic enviornment?
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when the concentration of solute is higher outside of the cell
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What is a hypotonic enviornment?
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when the concentration of solute is higher inside the cell
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What is an isotonic enviornment?
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when the concentration of solute is equal inside and outside of the cell
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What is the equation of photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6CO2
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What is chloroplast?
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an organelle found in cells of plants and other organisms; captures light energy
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What are the 3 factors that can affect the rate of photsynthesis?
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1. water
2. temperature 3. light intensity |
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What is an autotroph?
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an organism that:
1. Makes their own food 2. Can make all complex organic molecules required as their own food source only from simple inorganic compounds |
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What is a heterotroph?
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an organism that:
1. must get there energy from foods they eat 2. can't get energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals 3. must get chemical energy from food they eat |
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Is a plant a heterotroph or autotroph?
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autotroph
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Is an animal a heterotroph or autotroph?
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heterotroph
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What is the definition of cellular respiration?
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a process that releases energy by breaking down energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the prescence of oxygen
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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6O2 + C6H12O6 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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What is an autotroph?
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an organism that:
1. Makes their own food 2. Can make all complex organic molecules required as their own food source only from simple inorganic compounds |
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What is a heterotroph?
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an organism that:
1. must get there energy from foods they eat 2. can't get energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals 3. must get chemical energy from food they eat |
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Is a plant a heterotroph or autotroph?
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autotroph
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Is an animal a heterotroph or autotroph?
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heterotroph
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What is the definition of cellular respiration?
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a process that releases energy by breaking down energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the prescence of oxygen
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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6O2 + C6H12O6 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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What is fermentation?
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a process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
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When does fermentation happen?
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when there is no oxygen
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What is cytokinesis?
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When the cell membrane moves inward to create 2 daughter cells; Each with its own DNA with identical chromosomes
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What are cancer cells?
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a disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
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Why are cancer cells so dangerous?
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since they don't listen to the signals that tell it to regulate the growth of the cell, that cell divides uncontrollably and forms masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissues
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What are 2 factors that regulate the cell cycle?
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internal and external regulators
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What is the principle of dominance?
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when some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
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What is segregation?
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When the recessive trait is not shown in the offspring
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What is independent assortment?
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when genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
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What are punnett squares used for?
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to predict and compare the genetic ratiations that will result from a cross
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What is incomplete dominance?
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When neither allele is dominant
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What is codominance?
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when both alleles contribute to the phenotype
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Is a cross between 4 o'clock plants an example of codominance or incomplete dominance?
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incomplete dominance
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Are certain varieties of chicken an example of codominance or incomplete dominance?
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codominance
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What are multiple alleles?
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genes that have more than 2 alleles
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What is an example of multiple alleles?
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coat color in rabbits
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What are polygenetic traits?
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when 2 or more genes control a trait
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What is an example of polygenetic traits?
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pigment in the eyes of fruit flies
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How many chromosomes does the haploid have?
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23
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How many chromosomes does the diploid have?
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46
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What are homologous chromosomes?
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paternal and maternal pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape
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What is crossing over?
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when non-sister chromatids break and then reattach at to a different chromatid
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What stage does crossing over take place and where does it occur?
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prophase 1; the chiasmata
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What experiment did Griffith do?
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in 1928, extracted 2 strands of pneumonia from mice to discover transformation
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What experiment did Avery do?
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in 1944, he did the same thing as Griffith but discovered that the nucleic acid in DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next
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What experiment did Hershey-Chase do?
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in 1958, they studied viruses
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What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
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1. deoxyribos (a 5 carbon sugar)
2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous bases a. purines (a&g) b. pyrimidines (t&c) |
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What are Chargaff's rules?
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the base pair rules:
1. a goes with t 2. c goes with g |
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What is the 3D structure of DNA and who was credited with this discovery with a Nobel Piece Prize?
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double helix; Watson and Crick
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What was Franklin's role in discovering the structure of DNA?
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she used a x-ray diffraction to see the DNA structure
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What are 3 types of RNA?
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mRNA
tRNA rRNA |
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What is the function of mRNA?
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carries copies of instructions for making amino acids into proteins
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What is the function of tRNA?
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transfers each amino acid to the ribosome
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What is the function of rRNA?
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makes ribosomes and other proteins
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What are the 2 types of gene mutations?
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point and chromosomal
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What is a point mutation?
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mutation of 1 or more nucleotides
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What is a chromosomal mutation?
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chance in a number of structure of chromosomes
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What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?
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deletion
duplication inversion translocation |
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What is deletion mutation?
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loss of all or part of a chromosome
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What is duplication mutation?
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extra copies of parts of chromosomes
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What is inversion mutation?
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reverse direction of parts of chromosomes
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What is translocation mutation?
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when the chromosome breaks apart and attaches to another
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What is a karyotype?
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a method or organizing chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type
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How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?
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46
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How many chromosomes are in a human gamete?
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23
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What is the human female sex chromosome?
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XX
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What is the human male sex chromosome?
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XY
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What is X inactivation?
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when the randomly shut off X chromosome(Barr body) is not found in the males because their single X chromosome is still active
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What is nondisjunction?
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the most common error in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate;
a.k.a. "not coming apart" |
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What is an example of a genetic disorder for nondisjunction?
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Down syndrome
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What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
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to identify individuals
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Which part of DNA does DNA fingerprinting use?
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sections of DNA that have little or no known function but vary widely from one individual to another
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What is the Human Genome Project?
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an ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence?
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What is gene therapy?
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when an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene
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What is evolution?
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the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms;
a.k.a. 'change over time' |
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How did Hutton and Lyell's work influence Darwin's theory of evolution?
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that the earth was over millions of years old
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How did Malthus's work influence Darwin's theory of evolution?
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said that babies were being born faster than people were dying off
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What were 3 proposistions of Lamarckism?
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1. tendency toward perfection
2. use and disuse 3. inheritance of acquired traits |
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What was the name of Darwin's most famous literary work?
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On the Origin of Species
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What is artificial selection?
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nature provided the variation, and the humans selected those variations that they found useful
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What is natural selection?
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process by which individuals that are better suited to their enviornment survive and reproduce most successfull;
a.k.a. survival of the fittest |
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What is survival of the fittest?
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individuals that are better suited to their enviornment, with adaptations and fitness, survive and reproduce most successfully
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What is the 'tree of life'?
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all species,living and extinct, were derived from common ancestors;
a.k.a. common descent |
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Do individuals evolve?
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yes
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Do species evolve?
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yes
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Where are 4 places you could find evidence for evolution?
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1. fossil record
2. the geographical distribution of living species 3. homologous structures of living organisms 4. similarities in early development (embryology) |
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What are vestigal organs?
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an organ that was once need but has no use today
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What's an example of a vestigal organ?
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appendix
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What is a gene pool?
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all the genes and different alleles that are in a population
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What is the relative frequency of an allele?
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how often an allele shows up in a population compared to the number of times another allele shows up in a population
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How could you describe evolution in terms of relative frequency of alleles?
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it's any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population
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What are the 2 main sources of genetic variation?
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mutations and gene shuffling
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What are 3 ways that natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes?
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1. directional selection
2. disruptive selection 3. stabalizing selection |
