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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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subatomic particles that make up atoms
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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the center of the atom
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nucleus
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atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as
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isotopes
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because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same ___
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chemical properties
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main types of chemical bonds are
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ionic bonds and covalent bonds
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forms when electrons are shared between atoms
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covalent bonds
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the smallest unit of most compounds
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molecule
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when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can develop between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. these forces are called
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van der waals forces
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a water molecule is polar because...
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there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms
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an attraction between molecules of the same substance
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cohesion
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a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
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mixture
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the substance that is dissolved
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solute
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the substance in which the solute dissolves
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solvent
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mixtures of water and nondissolved material are known as
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suspensions
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scale to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
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pH scale
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any compound that form H+ ions in a solution
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acid
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contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values below 7
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avidic solutions
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a compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution
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base
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contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have pH values above 7
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basic, or alkaline, solutions
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weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
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buffers
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four organic compounds found in living things
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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living things use - as their main source of energy
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carbohydrates
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plants and some animals use carbs for - purposes
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structural
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made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. categories are fats, oils, and waxes
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lipids
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can be used to store energy. some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
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lipids
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macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
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nucleic acids
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consist of three parts: a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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nucleotides
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store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
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nucleic acids
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macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, adn oxygen
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proteins
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polymers of molecules called
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amino acids
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compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
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amino acids
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a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
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chemical reaction
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the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
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reactants
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elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
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products
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chemical reactions always involve the breaking of - in reactants and the formation of new ones in products
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bonds
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chemical reactions that release energy occur
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spontaneously
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chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a -----
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source of energy
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energy needed to get a reaction started
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activation energy
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a substance that speeds up teh rate of a chemical reaction
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catalyst
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work by lowering the reaction's activation energy
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catalyst
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proteins that act as biological catalysts.
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enzymes
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speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells
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enzymes
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reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are
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substrates
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fundamental concept of biology
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the cell theory
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