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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Properties of Life
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Cellular Organization, Sensitivity, Growth/Metabolism, Development, Reproduction, Regulation, Homeostasis, Heredity
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Panspermia
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Meteors that hit earth may have carried organic molecules
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MIller-Urey Experiment
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Experiment conducted which replicated early atmospheric conditions to see if organic molecules could form naturally.
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Evolution of Cells
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RNA -> aminos -> proteins -> metabolic pathways emerge ->lipid bubbles become living cells with membranes
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Innovations contributing to the diversity of life
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Eukaryotic cells, Sexual reproduction, Multicellularity
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Taxonomy
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The science of classifying living things.
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Binomial Nomenclature
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2 name system of classifying organisms, latin names, introduced by Carl Linnaeus.
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Linnaean Hierarchy
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Linnaean taxonomy does not take evolutionary relationships into account.
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Carl Woese
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6 Kingdom system, 3 domains. Kingdoms: Bacteria, Archae-bacteria, Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi.
Domains: Bacteria, Archae-bacteria (both prokaryotes) and one domain containing Protista, Animalia, Plantae and Fungi. (Eukaryotes) |
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Bacteria
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Most abundant organisms on the planet. Fix nitrogen. Do a lot of photosynthesis. Highly diverse. 12-15 groups.
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Archae-bacteria
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Prokaryotes that are more closesly related to Eukaryotes than to other bacteria. Cell walls lack peptidoglycan, membrane lipids are branched, have distinct rRNA sequences. 3 main groups.
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Extremophiles
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archae-bacteria capable of living in extreme environmental conditions.
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Methanogens
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strict anaerobes, use hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide to methane. live in swamps.
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Non-extreme archaea
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grow in same environment as bacteria
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Nonarchaeum Equitans
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smallest cellular genome
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Endosymbiosis
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The means by which mitochondria and chloroplasts (most likely) entered cells. Mitochondria are derived from purple non-sulfur bacteria, chloroplasts from cyanobacteria
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Compartmentalization
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allows for increased subcellular specialization
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Multicellularity
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Allows for differentiation of cells into tissues
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Sexual Reproduction
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allows for greater genetic diversity
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Viruses
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not really organisms, parasitic chemicals, RNA or DNA wrapped in protein, can only reproduce in living cells, vary greatly in appearance and size
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Viridiplantae
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kingdom encompassing all the land plants and green algae, excludes red and brown algae
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Diplontic Life Cycle
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human life cycle, only the diploid stage is multicellular
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Haplodiplontic Life Cycle
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plant life cycle, multicellular diploid sporophyte and multicellular haploid gametophyte
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Plant Evolution
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as plants have evolved the diploid stage has become more dominant, the gametophyte became more limited in size and the sporophyte became nutritionally independent of the gametophyte
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Chlorophytes
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aquatic green algae, can be either unicellular or multicellular
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Chlamydomonas
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Unicellular with 2 flagella, eyespots to direct swimming (rhodopsin), reproduces sexually and asexually
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Volvox
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colonial, spheres with 500-60,000 cells, mostly vegetative cells, have a few cells specialized for reproduction
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Ulva
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Multicellular, has a haplodiplontic life cycle
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Charophytes
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green algae related to land plants
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Land plants
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have developed protected embryos and have multicellular diplod and haploid stages
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Bryophytes
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closest living descendants of the first land plants, called nontracheophytes because they lack tracheids. they can move things around internally but they aren't vascular, this seriously limits size. Have a non-photosynthetic sporophyte, it is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.
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Tracheophytes
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contain vascular tissues, have tracheids which allow for greater size, have a cuticle and stomata, have seeds that protect the plant embryo, have fruits for an added layer of protection for the seeds.
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Xylem
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conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots.
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Phloem
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conducts Sucrose and hormones throughout the plant
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Lycophytes
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The earliest vascular plants, lack seeds. aka club mosses.
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Pterophytes (Ferns)
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most abundant group of seedless vascular plants, both sporophyte and gametophyte are photosynthetic.
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Fern Reproduction
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Most are homosporous, produce sporangia on the fronds, diploid spore mother cells in sporangia produce haploid spores by meiosos, at maturity the spores are "catapulted" by snapping action
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Fronds
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fern "leaves" develop at the tip of the rhizome as tight coils, they unroll and expand
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Seed Plant Evolution
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First appeard 305-465 MYA, evolved from progymnosperms (spore bearing, had secondary vascular tissue)
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Seed advantages
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protect embryo, allow for dispersal, allow dormancy (germinate only when conditions are suitable)
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Pollen
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Male gametophyte, dispersed by wind or by a pollinator
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Female Gametophytes
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develop within an ovule, enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue
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Gymnosperms
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"Naked Seeds", ovule us exposed (on a scale) at pollination, no flowers or fruits. Leaves have thick cuticle and recessed stomata to prevent water loss, canals into which cells secrete resin (turpentine)
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Cycads
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Slow growing gymnosperms of subtrop and tropical regions, sporophytes resemble palms, largest sperm cells of all organisms.
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Ginkophytes
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Ginkgo biloba only remaining species, they are dioecious - the male and female reproductive structures form on different trees.
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Angiosperms
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Ovules are enclosed in diploid tissue at the time of pollination, their origins are a mystery
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Carpel
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a modified leaf that covers the seeds, develops into fruit
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Whorls
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circles into which plant parts are organized. 1st (outermost)- sepals, 2nd- petals, 3rd- stamens (androecium = anther and filament, 4th (innermost) - gynoecium
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Carpel Structure
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Consists of the ovary (contains the ovules) which later develops into the fruit, the stigma (tip) and the style (neck or stalk)
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Double fertilization
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Pollen tube enters the embryo sac, 1 sperm fertilizes the egg to produce the zygote, another sperm joins with the two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm (nutrient storage for embryo) when the seed germinates a young sporophyte plant emerges.
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Angiosperms are only eudicots, T or F?
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False, angiosperms include monocots and dicots.
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Roots and Shoots
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Roots grow down (positive geotropism) shoots grow up (negative geotropism). Each has an apex (meristem cells) extend growth.
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Cell Wall
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Made of cellulose (beta bonded, we can't digest it) fibers wrapped around and supporting the cell membrane.
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Meristems
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like stem cells in animals. two kinds, apical and lateral.
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Protoderm
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gives rise to dermal tissue
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Angiosperms are only eudicots, T or F?
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False, angiosperms include monocots and dicots.
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Roots and Shoots
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Roots grow down (positive geotropism) shoots grow up (negative geotropism). Each has an apex (meristem cells) extend growth.
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Cell Wall
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Made of cellulose (beta bonded, we can't digest it) fibers wrapped around and supporting the cell membrane.
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Meristems
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like stem cells in animals. two kinds, apical and lateral.
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Protoderm
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gives rise to dermal tissue
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Procambium
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gives rise to the primary vascular tissue
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Ground Meristem
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gives rise to all the ground tissue
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Lateral Meristems
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give rise to the secondary tissues, only in plants with secondary growth capabilities.
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Cork Cambium
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outer bark
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Vascular Cambium
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secondary vascular tissue
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3 Plant Tissue Groups
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Dermal, Ground and Vascular
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Guard Cells
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flank each stoma (passageway for gas exchange) become turgid to block off the stoma when conditions call for it.
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Trichomes
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Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings.
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Trichome Patterning
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Genetically cotrolled process
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Root Hairs
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Increase the root's surface area and increase it's absorption efficiency.
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Parenchyma
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Ground tissue, most common type of plant cell. If it contains chloroplasts it is a chlorenchyma.
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Collenchyma
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Ground tissue, Provide support for plant organs, allow for bending without breaking.
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Sclerenchyma
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Ground tissue, plant armor, stregthen tissues.
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Companion Cells
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due to the high specialization of phloem cells (which are alive) these are required for normal function
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4 Root Regions
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root tip, cell division, elongation, maturation.
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Belmont
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performed experiment with the willow tree, hypothesized that most of the mass that a plant accumulated was from carbon dioxide entering the stoma.
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40/40/20
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ideal balance of sand, silt and clay.
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Humus
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consists of decayed organic matter, best nutrient source for growing plants
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Topsoil
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area where most roots are found, mixture of mineral particles of varying sizes, living organisms and humus, 6-12" deep, contains so much Carbon that it will burn.
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Soil Layers
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Leaf litter, topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock
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Dissolved Minerals
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are the only things, besides water, that the roots can absorb. Soil particles tend to be (-) charged, (+) ions are attracted to them. (-) ions remain in solution around the roots creating a charge gradient that pulls (+) ions from the roots. Active transport is required for the roots to maintain a proper concentration gradient.
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Soil Fertility
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Over time the soil becomes more acidic (becomes saturated with H+ ions). Increased acidity equals less nutrients. Limestone is used as a fertilizer because it balances the pH.
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Soil Loss
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if topsoil is lost the subsoil's nutrient and water holding capability is greatly reduced, like the "Dust Bowl" in the 1930s.
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NPK
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three most important nutrients to plant growth. Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium.
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Nutrient Mobility
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mobile nutrients can be translocated from old tissue (bottom) to the new tissue (top). Deficiency symptoms occur on older, lower leaves. Nutrients that are mobile are N, P. K, and Mg.
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Immobile Nutrients
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Deficiency of these will show in the upper leaves. immobile elements are Boron, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Sulfur and Zinc.
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NPK
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Nitrogen increases growth of leaf and stem, Phosphorous helps in root growth and Potassium helps build strong stiff stalks.
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Chlorosis
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Yellowing of leaves
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Interveinal Necrosis
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Tissue between veins turns yellow, veins remain green.
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Necrosis
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Complete drying and death of plant tissue
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Stunting
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Shortened Internodes
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Abnormal Coloration
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Red, Brown and purple colors cause by pigments.
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Hydroponics
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Plant is suspended in air, with the roots in a nutrient bath.
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Nitrogen
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found in atmosphere, lightning. Plants need ammonia and nitric oxide, need to attach H or O to be able to use nitrogen. Plants lack the necessary biochemical pathways to convert nitrogen to ammonia.
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Nitrogen Fixation
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symbiotic relationships between plants and nitrogen fixing bacteria have evolved, Legume form nodules to house the bacterium Rhizobium.
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Nitrogen Fixation
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the most energy expensive reaction known to occur in cells. 16 ATPs are required by nitrogenase to break the triple bonds in nitrogen to form to ammonia molecules.
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Rhizobium
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bacteria that fixes nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates
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Plant Nutrition
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plants need soil and water, most are photosynthetic autotrophs, some are parasitic or carnivorous.
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Pitcher Plant
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pitcher shape catches water, prey flies in and can't get out because of slippery sides or hairs. Plant excretes digestive juices that break down the prey.
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Venus Fly Trap
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When two trichomes are stimulated the leaf trap closes, traps the prey and digests it.
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Sundew
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Sticky mucilages cover the plant, prey is attracted to the droplets, several trichomes hold the prey as it is digested.
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Global Warming
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Carbon Dioxide is at highest level of last 20 million years. Heightened CO2 levels can alter photosynthesis.
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Phytoremediation
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the use of plants to concentrate and break down pollutants, costs 50-80% less than mechanical cleanup methods.
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Prop Roots
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type of adventitious root, keep plant upright
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Aerial Roots
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type pf adventitious root, obtains water from the air
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Pneumatophores
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type of adventitious root, facilitate oxygen uptake
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Buttress Roots
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Adentitious, provide stability
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3 leaf arrangements
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alternate (ivy), opposite (periwinkle), whorled (woodruff) most common arrangement is 137.5 degrees apart.
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Differences in Internal Stem Structure
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Eudicots have a very organized internal structure, concentric. Monocot's have a more erratical organized internal structure.
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Secondary Growth
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Vascular cambium develops between the primary Xylem and Phloem. Monocots have no vascular cambium, therefore they have no secondary growth.
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Rhizomes
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Horizontal underground stems with adventitious roots
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Tubers
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Stems modified to store carbs. Potatoes
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Cladophylls and Tendrils
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The former are flattened stems that resemble leaves and can carry out photosynthesis, the latter aid in climbing.
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Leaf Vein Pattern
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Dicots have reticulate veins, Monocots have parallel veins
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Mesophyll
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tissue between the upper and lower epidermis, 2 layers in dicot, single layer in monocots. Upper is the palisade (tight, cuboidal arrangement) Lower is the Spongy (loosely packed) both are photosynthetic.
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Embryogenesis
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Triggered by fertilization in angiosperms.
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Arabidopsis
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study performed on mutants to understand plant development mechanisms.
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Root and Shoot Meristems
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both are apical meristems but are independently controlled.
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Monopteros Gene Action
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if Auxin is present the repressor of monopteros is blocked allowing it to present itself on the root development gene.
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Primary Meristems
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Protoderm - dermal tissue, ground meristem - ground tissue, procambium - vascular tissue
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Scutellum
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name for the cotyledon in monocots
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Gibberellic acid
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produced by the embryo just prior to germination, in the outer endosperm layer amylase is produced which breaks down starch in the seed coat.
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Abscisic acid
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inhibits starch breakdown, establishes dormancy.
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Plant Transport
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occurs by way of cohesion, adhesion and transpiration
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Water Potential
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measure of pressure on fluid. flowing (water pistol) vs. sucking (straw) pushing vs. pulling. used to predict which way water will move.
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Turgid
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if a plant cell is placed in a solution with high water potential (low osmotic concentration)
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Flaccid
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if a cell is placed in a solution with low water potential (high osmotic concentration)
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Plasmolysis
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contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell
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Pressure potential
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turgor pressure against the cell wall, as turgor pressure increases, pressure potential increases
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Solute Potential
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pressure arising from presence of solute in a solution, as solute concentration increases, solute potential decreases
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Total Potential Energy of Water in the Cell
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water potential = pressure potential + solute potential
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Aquaporins
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water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes, they speed up osmosis without changing the direction of water movement.
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Transpiration and Evaporation
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are the reason for the increase in water potential that occurs as water travels up through the xylem. As water molecules are lost via transpiration, more and more are pulled up.
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4 Water Movers in Plants
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Root Pressure, Adhesion, Cohesion and Transpiration
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Root Pressure
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water absorbed by root hairs (huge surface area) almost always turgid due to their having a greater water potential than the soil, cause by the continuous accumulation of ions in the roots.
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Guttation
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production of dew
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Apoplastic Route
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thru cell walls and spaces between
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Symplastic Route
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cytoplasmic movement via plasmodesmata
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Transmembrane Route
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membrane transport between cells *permits greatest control
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Cohesion
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caused by transpiration, occurs because water molecules stick to one another
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Adhesion
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water has high tensile strength, arising from the cohesion of its molecules.
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Tensile Strength of Water
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varies inversely with its diameter
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Xylem Transport
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xylem cells are essential for the bulk transport of minerals (P K N Fe Ca)
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Plant Transport
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occurs by way of cohesion, adhesion and transpiration
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Water Potential
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measure of pressure on fluid. flowing (water pistol) vs. sucking (straw) pushing vs. pulling. used to predict which way water will move.
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Turgid
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if a plant cell is placed in a solution with high water potential (low osmotic concentration)
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Flaccid
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if a cell is placed in a solution with low water potential (high osmotic concentration)
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Plasmolysis
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contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell
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Pressure potential
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turgor pressure against the cell wall, as turgor pressure increases, pressure potential increases
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Solute Potential
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pressure arising from presence of solute in a solution, as solute concentration increases, solute potential decreases
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Total Potential Energy of Water in the Cell
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water potential = pressure potential + solute potential
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Aquaporins
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water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes, they speed up osmosis without changing the direction of water movement.
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Transpiration and Evaporation
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are the reason for the increase in water potential that occurs as water travels up through the xylem. As water molecules are lost via transpiration, more and more are pulled up.
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Annual Plants
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grow, flower, form seeds and die within one growing season, usually herbaceous, die due to senescence
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Senescence
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aging
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Biennial Plants
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have a 2 year life span, they store energy the first year and flower the second
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Perennial Plants
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grow year after year, produce flowers, seeds and fruits indefinitely
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Apomixis
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individuals are cloned from parts of adults
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Self Incompatibility
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pollen and stigma recognize each other as same so the pollen tube is blocked
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Gametophytic S.I.
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block occurs after pollen tube germination
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Sporophytic S.I.
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pollen tube fails to germinate
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Wind Pollination
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promotes cross pollination, flowers are in groups and hang like tassels
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Bees
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most common insect pollinators, floral morphology has co-evolved with pollinators
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Complete Flower
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all four whorls present (calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium)
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Incomplete Flower
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lacks one or more of the whorls
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Dioecious Plant
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produces only ovule or only pollen
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Monoecious Plant
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produces male and female stuff on the same plant
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ABC Model
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proposes that 3 organ identity gene classes specify the four whorls. A, AB, BC and C present sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, respectively.
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