Biology Exam Ii

Front 1

Simplest messages require

Complex pathways and processing requires

Back 1

afferent and efferent neurons

interneurons/association neurons

Front 2

Brain nerves

Back 2

efferent and afferent neurons

myleinated: white
non: grey + interneurons

Front 3

Hindbrain

Back 3

coordinates motor reflexes

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Front 4

Brainstem

Back 4

Midbrain, pons, medulla

Front 5

Midbrain

Back 5

reticular system: area where information is gathered, monitoring higher/lower processesing

Front 6

Forebrain

Back 6

diencephalon, thalmus, hypothalamus, limbic system, telencephalon, corpus striodum, cerebrum

Front 7

-Diencephalon

Back 7

integrates sensory information

hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system

Front 8

Hypothalamus

Back 8

basic life sustaining homeostatic process: hunger, thirst, pleasure, pain.

Front 9

Thalamus

Back 9

sensory switchboard: where it is going to go

Front 10

Limbic System

Back 10

network that integrates and handles motor responses

Front 11

Telencephalon

Back 11

association, link information together for higher/complex response

Front 12

Corpus Striodum

Back 12

reptiles, birds stereotype

behavior ritualized

Front 13

Cerebrum

Back 13

largest in humans
folded grey matter

2 halves connected by corpus collosum

Front 14

Motor location

Back 14

back protion of frontal lobe

Front 15

Sensory location

Back 15

frong/leading edge of parietal

Front 16

5%/95%

Back 16

5% cortex: motor/sensory
95% association: thought, problem, memory, analyze

Front 17

Left and Right Brain

Back 17

L: analytical
R: creation

cross over medulla

Front 18

Temporal Lobe

Back 18

Hippocampus: memory

Front 19

Spinal cord

Back 19

brain extentsion

neurons, fluid
stress

Front 20

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 20

copmlex network of different pathways that carry to/from brain or spinal cord

Front 21

Hormones

Back 21

endocrine system

Front 22

Hypothalamus

Back 22

2 hormones made by/transported by nerve axon on initial release

nervous system acts like an endocrine system

monitor hormones

ADH: anti-diretic hormone: unrine
oxytocin: muscle contraction, mammary glands

posterior pituitary gland

Front 23

7 other hormones

Back 23

releasing and regulating/excitatory factors

found in anterior pituitary gland

thyroid stimulating, lutenizing, follicle stimulating, ATCH, HGH, prolactin, melanocyte stimulating

produces inhibitory factors for every regulatory

Front 24

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

Back 24

THS, controls metabolism

Front 25

Lutenizing hormone

Back 25

ovaries and testes

Front 26

Follicle stimulating hormone

Back 26

FSH: ovaries and testes

Front 27

Adreno-corticotropic hormone

Back 27

ATCH cortex of adrenal glands

Front 28

Growth hormone

Back 28

HGH whole body growth

Front 29

Prolactin

Back 29

only woman

after birthy release milk

Front 30

Melanocyte

Back 30

stimulating hormone: skin, melanin pigment

Front 31

Negative Feedback Loop

+ location

Back 31

Hypothalamus

on: drop below a certain level
off: optimum level

concentration, keep equilibrium

Front 32

Antagonistic responses and control

Back 32

Parathyroid: antaconistic hormone to thyroid

Calcitonin, pancrease

Front 33

Calcitonin

Back 33

blood calcium level: decrease calcium in blood (thy); increase calcium (para)

Front 34

Pancreas hormone

Back 34

blood glucose (sugar levels)

insulin: decrease blood sugar level
glucagon: increase, hang on to sugar

- Balance: negative feedback loop

Front 35

Adrenal glands

Back 35

respond to stress

adrenaline
noradrenaline

Front 36

How do hormones actually react on their targets?

Back 36

hormones that release (and insulin)

1. peptide hormones
2. steroids

Front 37

Peptide hormones

Back 37

do not enter target cell, but bind to receptor site on cell surface; chain reaction/amino acid within cell change membrane

-amine groups
-polypeptide
-glycoproteins

Front 38

Peptide hormone reaction

Back 38

When reaches receptor site of garget --> change -->

CASCADE reaction: one chemical stimulates another chemical -->

second messangers: calcium and cyclic AMP

Front 39

Steroids

Back 39

chemical different
cholesterol molecules

can enter target cell, not just cell, but nucleus; initiate transpcription/shut down genes?

Front 40

Non endocrine hormone

Back 40

prostagladin: made in every tissue

stomach: gastrine

Front 41

Antigens

Back 41

anything that enters the body that is foreign, outside the body, that is NOT SELF

inventory at birth: proteins knowns as SELF

Front 42

Antibodies

Back 42

fight antigens
proteins
specific proteins to specific antigens

Front 43

1st time antigens

Pathway immune response

Back 43

make antibody against antigens

Pathway immune response: lock and key

Front 44

Secondary immune response

Back 44

same antigen - maybe faster 2nd time; remembers what it looks like the first time: memory receptors

Front 45

White Blood cells

Back 45

monocytes, b-lymphocytes, pre-t-lymphocytes

Front 46

Monocytes

Back 46

macrophages: eat antigens

macrophages tag themselves to let others know theyre infected

Front 47

b-Lyphocytes

Back 47

remain in structures until invasion --> plasma cells after/upon invasion --> MAKE specific antibody

Front 48

pre-t-Lyphocytes

Back 48

before invasion
not specific until invasion occurs

Front 49

t-Lyphocytes

Back 49

upon invasion

helper, cytotoxic, inducer, supressor

Front 50

Helper t cells

Back 50

assist other t cells

Front 51

Cytotoxic t cells

Back 51

stab infected macrophages

some will persist: memory t cells (helper?)

Front 52

Inducer t cells

Back 52

stimulate more t cells

Front 53

Supressor t cells

Back 53

shut down response

Front 54

Line of defenses

Back 54

1. Skin
2. Enzymes
3. Specific proteins on invader
4. White Blood Cells

Front 55

Specific proteins on invader

Back 55

do not have certain proteins that it should have

MCH proteins
- invaders lack
- yes: self cell markers

Front 56

Where are antibodies generated?

Back 56

Plasma

Front 57

Gene Shuffling

Back 57

unlimited antibodies

Front 58

Homeostasis

Back 58

optimum set of conditions/concentration

water volume + stuff dissolved in that water --> osmoregulation

kidneys

Front 59

Urinary system

Back 59

what its going to kkep, what its going to save

maintain water volume, salts

Front 60

Osmoconformer

Back 60

marine invertebrates

-internal body fluid as salty as environment =
-adjust to match externally when concentrations occur high --> high

Front 61

Osmoregulator

Back 61

fresh water

internal concentration different than environment

bodies usually higher salt

Front 62

Osmoregulators

Back 62

nephrid system
packaging system: membrane encloses system, acts like a filter

Front 63

Malpignian Tubes

Back 63

insects, terrestrial

movement of potassium ions
not losing too much mostiure to the environment --> move K into tubule

Front 64

Kidneys

Back 64

vertebrates

pushing materials through filter w pressure/force

selective reabsorption through water and dissolved substances

Front 65

Fresh Water Fish

Back 65

saltier body than environment

problem: could take on too much fresh water --> FILTER< REABSORB, EXCRETE

Front 66

Marine Fish

Back 66

maybe loosing water

hang onto much water that they can

Front 67

Boman's capsule

Back 67

filter

Front 68

Glomerulus

Back 68

network of capillaries
surface area

blood under pressure

Front 69

Loop of Henle

Back 69

connect distal and proximal convoluted tubule

Front 70

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Back 70

increase surface area, reabsorb what accidentally got filtered

Front 71

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Back 71

increase surface area, reabsorb what accidentally got filtered

Front 72

Collecting Duct

Back 72

collecting waste for excretion

maybe some reabsorption of water

Front 73

Shark Urinary System

Back 73

same as marine fish but make themselves isotonic w water - storing high concentration of urea in blood

Front 74

Amphibian

Back 74

fresh water

Front 75

Reptile Urinary System

Back 75

fresh water and marine
glands: salt from nose
absorb as much water as they can
[high] urine

Front 76

Terrestrial Urinary System

Back 76

cannot bring [salts in urine] be higher than [salts in blood plasma] = conteract the process of trying to save water

Front 77

Bird/Mammal Urinary System

Back 77

can make [urine] higher than [salts in blood]
increase [] of nephrons in tissues theyre sitting in --> suck water out of tube, retain water --> osmosis gradient

Front 78

Only premeable to Water

Back 78

Loop: permeable to salt but not as much to water

Distal: permeable to salt --> active salt pump --> water!

Front 79

Waste

Back 79

primarily urea in collecting duct

reabsorb some urea from outside concentration of salt

Front 80

Water

Back 80

all water cam from blood - put water back into capillaries/veins into circulatory system

Front 81

What are GAP JUNCTIONS in cell communication?

Back 81

chemically transported between two cells

Front 82

Name three different types of cell communication.

Back 82

gap junctions, hormones, neurons.

Front 83

What are HORMONES in cell communication?

Back 83

more effiecient way to get information from one part of the body to the other via specialized receptors

Front 84

What are NEURONS in cell communication?

Back 84

charge across the membrane of the neuron created by the Na and K ion gradient.

Na diffuse in, actively pumped out. K diffuses out, gets pumped back in.

Front 85

Cell "at rest"

Back 85

not dividing, but still going to be working very hard to maintain this potential so if later the body wants to char it, it can?

Front 86

What are DENDRITES?

Back 86

input receptors of the neurons

Front 87

What are AXON?

Back 87

electral message transferred out of the neuron

Front 88

What are NEUROTRANSMITTERS?

Back 88

relay information that is in chemical form over the water gap to carry to the next cell.

Front 89

How do you speed up the process in cell communication?

Back 89

a STIMULUS binds to the neuron to reverse the charge

certain protein channels open and allow for reversal of charge, cells are designed to voer the whole plasma quickly.

Front 90

What are NEURONS?

Back 90

cells that transmit electrical messages.

Front 91

What are GLIAL CELLS?*

Back 91

protect neurons from bad chemicals and bacteria

Front 92

What are SCHWANN CELLS?*

Back 92

most important of glial cells

wraps itself around neuron creating covering of protection.

Front 93

What is MYELIN SHEATHING?

Back 93

wraps itself around neuron creating covering of protection.

insulates neuron

Front 94

What are the NODES OF RANVIER?

Back 94

gaps between myelin sheath

Front 95

What is SALTATORY CONDUCTION?*

Back 95

electrical charges gets a jump everytime it hits a node making it look like it jumps from node to node.

faster communication

Front 96

What is REFRACTORY PERIOD?*

Back 96

can only do reversal charge in one direction, cannot double over.

Front 97

What if something binds to the receptor site of the dendrite but is not strong enough to cause reversal?*

Back 97

The stimulus has to be at THRESHOLD to get reversal charge.

Front 98

What is THRESHOLD STRENGTH?

Back 98

the minimum strength that activates reversal of charge.

Front 99

Central Nervous System

Back 99

Brain
Spinal Cord

Front 100

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 100

Sensory/Motor

Front 101

Sensory Neurons

Back 101

information INTO CNS

afferent

Front 102

Motor Neurons

Back 102

information OUT of CNS

efferent: voluntary/involuntary

Front 103

EFFERENT Neurons

Back 103

Motor

involuntary/voluntary

Front 104

AFFERENT Neurons

Back 104

sensory

Front 105

Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 105

under stress, use up other sources from parasympathetic to function on a specific thing.

Front 106

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 106

chill out time for body, relaxation.

allows body to function wo stress.

Front 107

What system aids the process of communicating with the CNS and PNS?

Back 107

Endocrine System

Front 108

What are the anatomical differences between PNS and CNS?*

Back 108

Axons in CNS for TRACTS

Axon in PNS form NERVES.

Front 109

What are GANGLIA?

Back 109

cell body and dendrites in PNS

Front 110

Describe the neurons in CNS.*

Back 110

neuron TRACTS not heavily myelinated, grey matter replaces myelin.

Front 111

Describe the neurons in PNS

Back 111

neurons are NERVES
always myelinated = white matter.

Front 112

Components of a SENSORY PATHWAY*

Back 112

1. Stimulation: sufficient strength or threshold

2. Transduction: open/close particluar ion channels

3. Transmission: reversal of charge along the length of receptor to afferent neuron to the CNS.

Front 113

INTEROCEPTION*

Back 113

inside change

temperature change, change in blood pH, applied pressure(when youve eaten too much, stomach stretch)

Front 114

EXTEROCEPTOR*

Back 114

ouside change

thermal temperature, chemical pH, mechanical pressure.

Front 115

Name the senses of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

Back 115

free nerve, specialized cells extrememly sensitive to specific stimuli, chemical pH, pressure, multiple/complex

Front 116

PROPRIOCEPTION*

Back 116

patrically chemical and pressure

- knowing youre moving or stationary, relationship of head/feet

Front 117

TASTE

Back 117

chemical

insects taste w feet
fish have taste buds all over

Front 118

SMELL

Back 118

chemical

special cells line the nose, muscus

Front 119

HEARING

Back 119

mechanical

requires transmission of sound waves

ear designed to AMPLIFY sound

Front 120

Sound is transmitted...

Back 120

through waves causing vibrations in tympanic membrane.

Front 121

RODS

Back 121

sensitive under dim light

more rhodopsin

Front 122

CONES

Back 122

sensitive bright light

less rhodopsin

green, blue, red wavelengths

Front 123

What groups contain eyes?

Back 123

Annelids, Mollusks, Arthropods, Vertebrates

all have same pigment of rhodopsin

Front 124

What is the pigment in the eye?

Back 124

Rhodopsin

Front 125

CORNEA

Back 125

outer covering

Front 126

PUPIL

Back 126

hole in eye

size regulated by iris muscle

Front 127

LENS

Back 127

position or shape of lens determins if light goes back to retina

channels and focuses light to retina

Front 128

RETINA

Back 128

made of rodes and cones

Front 129

STEREOSCOPIC or BINOCULAR vision?

Back 129

Right and LEft eyes have different field of view.

Front 130

Light + ______

Back 130

Heat: another electromagnetic stimulus

Front 131

Acetylcholine

Back 131

specific neurontransmitter for neurons --> skeletal muscle.