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521 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
This process occurs where |
mitochondria
- respiration occurs in mitochondria |
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initial site of amphibian gastrulation
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gray crescent
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infolding through which
blastula cells migrate during gastrulation |
blastopore
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intestinal tract is formed by which germ layer
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endoderm
|
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the heart is formed by which germ layer
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mesoderm
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point
insertion frameshift deletion silent |
type of mutations
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largely single-stranded with double stranded segments
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t-RNA
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has poly-A tail
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mRNA
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responsible for degradation of mRNA
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poly-A tail
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changes reading frame of mRNA
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addition of 3 nucleotides
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single nucleotide base is substituted by another
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point mutation
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recombination only occurs in
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gamete cells
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membrane-bound organelles
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ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nuclei, chloroplasts, and lysosomes
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cAMP is formed from
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ATP
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cAMP triggers cascade of intracellular after hormones bind to
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cell membrane
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how is adenylate cyclase activated
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G-protein
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where is adenylate cyclase located
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inner layer of phospholipid bilayer
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occurs during the ETC of inner-membrane of mitochondrial matrix
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oxidative phosphorylation
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produces FADH2 and NADH2
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Krebs cycle
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end product of glycolysis can form
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lactate, ethanol, and pyruvate
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oxidative phosphorylation is an --- process
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aerobic
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glycogen is degraded by a process known as
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glycogenolysis
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storage polymer of glucose
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glycogen
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high levels of adenylate cyclase activity is found in cells ----
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cells that are target cells for hormones
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high levels of polyribosomes=
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high levels of protein synthesis
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taking in small amounts of liquid
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pinocytosis
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division of cytoplasm in mitosis
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cytokenisis
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releasing proteins from cell
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exocytosis
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degeneracy of genetic code means
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not specific!
multiple codons for one amino acid |
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tRNA have amino acids which bind to --- end of molecule
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3 prime
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--- moves in protein synthesis
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ribosome
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plasma membrane proteins can act as
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pores, channels, or receptors
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DNA double strands is held together by
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hydrogen bonds
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lac operon functions by --- system
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inducible system
lactose + glucose - repressor - |
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structures found in prokaryotes
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cell wall
cell membrane ribosomes flagellum |
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has both antigen A and B present
no antibodies to any blood antigen |
AB blood group
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transports polypeptides around the cell
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ER
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membrane bound organelle which has a low pH
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lysosome
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endoderm gives rise to
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digestive tract, pancreas, liver, and lungs
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ectoderm gives rise to
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skin, nervous system, and teeth
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mesoderm gives rise to
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excretory system, the reproductive system, the muscular and skeletal systems, and
the circulatory system |
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in fermentation, glucose is converted to---
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pyruvic acid
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fermentation requires
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glucose
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autolysis requires
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lysosomes
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areas within the nucleus containing RNA
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nuclei
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
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mother produces antibodies against child
usually occurs for second, third, or fourth child must have Rh+ father |
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A solution’s total solute concentration is proportional to ---
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its osmotic concentration
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blood travels from an artery ----
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capillary bed ---> vein
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in a portal system, blood travels from capillary bed to --- back to capillary bed
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vein
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two most common portal systems
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hypothalmic and hepatic
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receives vesicles and their
contents, modifies them (e.g. glycosylation) and repackages them into vesicles |
Golgi
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separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during meiosis
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disjunction
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male bees develop via
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parthenogenisis
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vitamin D is a ---
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steroid
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plant pigment derived from vitamin A
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carotene
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can pass through the membrane with ease because they are lipid soluble
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steroids
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--- and --- yield the same energy per glucose
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carbohydrates and proteins
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is only affected by temperature
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rate constant
|
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enzyme catalyzed reaction is influenced by ---
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1. substrate concentration
2. enzyme concentration 3. pH 4. temperature |
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generally considered the prime end-product of photosynthesis
can be used as an immediate food nutrient can be combined and rearranged to form glucose can be stored as insoluble polysaccharides such as starch. |
PGAL
|
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ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
|
pleitropy
|
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blood group is example of
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codominance
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method of growth, development, and replacement of worn-out cells
|
cell division
|
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total of 4 ATP are produced by --- for one molecule of glucose
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substrate level phosphorylation
|
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Degradation of one glucose
molecule yields a net of -- ATP from glycolysis and -- ATP for each turn of the citric acid cycle |
2 ATP during glycolysis
1 ATP for 2 turns of citric acid cycle Total= 4 |
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cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete
organism |
indeterminate cleavage
|
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cells whose future differentiation pathways
are determined |
determinate cleavage
|
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begins when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel
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blastulation
|
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Once implanted in the uterus, cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into a three-layered structure
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gastrula
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one possible cause of point mutations
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thymine dimer
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nucleotide is replaced by an incorrect nucleotide
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point mutation
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antibodies that recognize the different blood types
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Agglutinins
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Agglutinogens
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antigens that determine blood type
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has both agglutinogens
makes no agglutinins |
AB
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has neither the A or B agglutinogen on the surface of the RBCs,
has agglutinins to both type A and type B |
O
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RBC agglutinogen and is completely independent of the ABO types
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Rh
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chromosomes go from singles stranded to double stranded during --- interphase
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S phase of Interphase
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thought to have descended from free living prokaryotic autotrophs
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chloroplast
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formula used to determine number of gametes
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2^n
n= number of heterozygotes |
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has the largest such ionization energy of any neutral atom
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He
|
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Two species with the same number of electrons
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isoelectronic
|
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example of 3 zymogens involved in digestive tract
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pepsinogen, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen
yield active enzymes pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin |
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villi absorb nutrients into
both |
lymphatic and circulatory systems
|
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new red blood cells are constantly developing in
|
bone marrow
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reticular activating system deals with
|
sensory processing
|
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SA node is located in the
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right atrium
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special vessels that connect with the lymphatic system
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lacteals
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CCK is located in
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small intestine
|
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amylases, lipases, and bicarbonate are released through
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pancreatic duct
|
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ADH is released by
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posterior pituitary gland
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nephrons
glomerulus Bowman's capsule proximal distal convoluted tubule |
cortex
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loop of Henle + collecting duct are in
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medulla
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myelin is a ---- compound
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fatty
|
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myelinated cells in CNS
mylinated cells in PNS |
glial= CNS
schwann= PNS |
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--- makes it more difficult for an
action potential to occur |
hyperpolarization
|
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|
----
occurs after release of an excitatory neurotransmitter |
depolarization
|
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center for vision, hearing, smell, voluntary
movement, and memory |
cerbral cortex
|
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monitors blood carbon dioxide levels and pH, and adjusts, temperature, and heart rate
|
medulla
|
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ptyalin
|
old name for salivary amylase
|
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constant length and an increase in muscle tension
|
isometric
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muscle shortens while the tension remains constant
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isotonic
|
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partial sustained contraction in relaxed muscles
|
tonus
|
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causes muscle contraction
until fatigue because of lack of energy or a build up of waste occurs |
tetanus
|
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no complete recovery before the next sustained contraction
|
tetanus
|
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Contraction of the diaphragm --- the
thoracic cavity |
enlarges
|
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When the thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure of air within the lungs ---
|
drops
|
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When the pressure of air within the lungs is less
than the atmospheric pressure, air will flow --- the lungs |
in
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Hormones are capable of being effective at --- concentrations
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picomolar or small
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epinephrine is released by
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adrenal medulla
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aldosterone is --- corticoid
|
mineral
|
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primitive water vascular system
|
echinodermata
|
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process in which random
mutations are selected for survival by the environment |
natural selection
|
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production of --- by the ovaries actually shuts off FSH secretion
|
estrogen
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non-nucleated and cannot repair themselves
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red blood cells
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stores a reservoir of red blood cells and acts as a biological and physical filter for the blood
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spleen
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--- NOT part of the nervous system
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notochord
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plants that live
on the branches of other plants |
epiphytes
|
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outer lining of the lungs
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pleura
|
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returns
deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower half of the body |
inferior vena cava
|
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species that colonize a biome such as lichen on the rock
|
pioneer species
|
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bone to muscle
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tendon
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bone to bone
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ligament
|
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nearsightedness
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myopia
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farsightedness
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hypermetropia
|
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increase of pressure in the aqueous humor
|
glaucoma
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lens becomes opaque and no light can enter the eye
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blindness
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does not enter a host bacterial cell
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protein coat of virus
|
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blood filtered through the glomerulus
does not normally contain |
blood cells
|
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--- are filtered and completely resorbed
--- is filtered and excreted --- are filtered and partially resorbed |
glucose and amino acids
urea Na and K |
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hydrostatic pressure, which is --- at the arterial end
|
greater
|
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osmotic pressure, which is greater at the --- end
|
venule
|
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all of the fluid cannot be returned to the vessel
|
Starling's Hypothesis
|
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ultrafiltrate is returned to the bloodstream by ---
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lymphatic system
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Angiotensin I --> Angiotensin II
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causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure
|
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--- leaves pre-synaptic membrane via vesicles
|
Acetylcholine
|
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T or F
synapse that is subjected to many action potentials may be depleted of ACH granules |
True
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red blood cells in fetus are produced by
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liver
|
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"rest and digest" response are characteristic of
|
parasympathetic
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another name for epinephrine
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adrenaline
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state in which action potential is less likely to be triggered
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hyperpolarization
|
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release of Na causes ---
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depolarization
|
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the systolic pressure is --- than the diastolic pressure
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higher
systolic: heartbeat when muscle contracts diastolic: heartbeat when muscle relaxes |
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the --- pressure is the pressure of the ventricular contraction
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systolic
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---pressure between contractions
|
diastolic
|
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sensory neurons of --- DO NOT synapse
|
reflex arc
sensory neurons of brain do synapse |
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synthesis of angiotensinogen
|
in the liver
|
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removes bilirubin from bloodstream
|
liver
|
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calcareous plates making up the endoskeleton
|
echinoderms
|
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mantle secrete a calcium/mineral shell
|
mollusks
|
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vertebrates with a bony endoskeleton
|
orioles
|
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vitamin needed for:
proper growth of skin, hair, and mucous membranes, night vision, and bone growth |
vitamin A
|
|
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vitamin needed for:
1) proper bone and tooth development 2) absorption of calcium and phosphate from the diet |
vitamin D
|
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antioxidant:
1) protect cell membranes 2) prevents degradation of vitamin A |
vitamin E
|
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water-soluble vitamin, and it is essential for:
1) red blood cell formation 2) proper functioning of the nervous system |
vitamin B12
|
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used by the liver to produce prothrombin
|
vitamin K
|
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fat soluble vitamins
|
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
|
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poikiothermic animals
|
fish, reptiles, and amphibians
|
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contains tracts that connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain
|
pons
|
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regulates breathing and heart rate
|
medulla
|
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controls voluntary motor activity
|
cerebrum
|
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As the --- is released, FSH levels will drop and LH levels will increase
|
estrogen
|
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groups of individual simple eyes
|
compound eyes found in Arthropoda
|
|
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hemoglobin poison
binding affinity is greater than oxygen |
CO
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flees on dog
|
parasitism
|
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bacteria in termites
|
mutualism
|
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vines on trees
|
commensalism
|
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focuses light on retina
|
lens and cornea
|
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prevents release of AcH
|
botulism toxin
|
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blocks AcH receptors
|
curare
|
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stimulus intensity is coded by --- of action potential
|
frequency
|
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dorsal root
ventral root |
sensory
motor |
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sensory --> motor
example knee-jerk |
simple reflex
|
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releaser pheremone
primer pheremone |
reversible effects
permanent effect |
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phylum has a chambered heart and breathes through gills
|
mollusca
|
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List all of the events that occur in the infant's heart once it is born been born
|
produce adult hemoglobin
Resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases Pressure in the left atrium increases Pressure in both the inferior vena cava and the right atrium decreases ductus arteriosus constricts ductus venosus degenerates foramen ovale closes |
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requires a constant energy source
requires a living system is self-sustaining requires cycling of materials |
stable ecosystem
|
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ecological succession from rocky barren area to climax community
|
lichen–> mosses–> annual grasses–> perennial grasses> shrubs–> sun-loving trees–> thick shade trees
|
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raises blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis
decreasing protein synthesis suppressing the body's immune and inflammatory responses |
cortisol
|
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growth of parts of plants towards or away from gravity
|
geotropism
|
|
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stimulate formation of new phloem cells
inhibit the formation of new roots end dormancy of seeds and buds |
gibberllins
|
|
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root growth in plants is due to amounts of
inhibit lateral bud |
auxin
|
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manta ray is an example of vertebrate with ---
|
cartillagenous skin
|
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stimulates fruit ripening
|
ethylene
|
|
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woody underground stems
|
rhizomes
|
|
|
four types of non specific immunity
|
anatomic: skin and tears
physiologic: temperature and pH phagocytic: macrophage and neutrophils inflammatory: vasodilation |
|
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embryonic membrane consists of
|
1) chorion
2) allantois 3) amnion 4) yolk sac |
|
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part of embryonic membrane that lines and permits gas exchange through the egg shell
|
chorion
|
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saclike structure developed from the digestive tract
functions include: 1) respiration 2) excretion 3) exchange of gases with the external environment*** |
allantois
|
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encloses amniotic fluid
provides watery environment for embryo to develop in provides protection against shock |
amnion
|
|
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encloses the yolk and transfers food to the developing embryo
|
yolk sac
|
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|
tubular feet are characteristic of what phylum
|
echinodermata
|
|
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antibodies= --- globulins
|
gamma
|
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lymph enters bloodstream at
|
thoracic duct
|
|
|
pumping chambers of heart are called
|
ventricles
|
|
|
thick-walled
elastic vessels conduct oxygenated blood blood flow depends on smooth muscle |
arteries
|
|
|
thin-walled
inelastic vessels conduct deoxygenated blood blood flow depends on skeletal muscle |
veins
|
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collecting chambers of heart
|
atria
|
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|
longitudinal muscles only
hydrostatic skeleton anterior nerve ring |
mollusks
|
|
|
flame cells as excretory system
|
platyhelminthes
|
|
|
brain composed of fused ganglion
|
annelida
|
|
|
methanogens
extreme halophiles extreme thermophiles |
3 types of archaebacteria
|
|
|
can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
|
facultative anaerobes
|
|
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virus that has incorporated itself into a host baceria's genome after infection
|
prophage
|
|
|
lack chlorophyll
anaerobic utilize glycolysis |
fungi
*do not need to use kreb's cycle |
|
|
bones are made up of
|
collagen fibers
lipids carbohydrates glycoproteins |
|
|
present in bones of growing children but not adults
|
cartilage plate
|
|
|
major center for hematopoetic activity
|
bone
*hematopoetic cells: blood cells that give rise to all other cells |
|
|
ability to differentiate into several different types of cells
example: embryonic and fetal stem cells |
pluripotent
|
|
|
neutrophil
basophil eosinophil monocyte platelet RBC |
myeloid progenitors
|
|
|
stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body
develop during sexual reproduction |
totipotent cells
|
|
|
stem cells have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of specialized cell types
example: bone marrow can produce any type of blood cell |
multipotent
|
|
|
multipotent cells of bone marrow
|
mesenchymal cells
|
|
|
unlimited reproductive capabilities, but can only differentiate into a single type of cell or tissue
example: skin cells |
unipotent stem cells
|
|
|
antibodies are stored in the
|
spleen
|
|
|
enzyme found in tears that attacks cell wall of bacteria
|
lysozyme
|
|
|
epinephrine is secreted from adrenal---
|
medulla
|
|
|
calvin cycle can never occur without
|
atp and nadh
|
|
|
antibodies are composed of 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains that interact via --- bonds
|
disulfide
|
|
|
infection causing a sharp rise in blood calcium will --- activity of osteoblast and --- blood calcium
|
increase activity of osteoblast
decrease blood calcium |
|
|
contracts during muscle contraction
|
H Zone
|
|
|
intramembraneous ossification forms --- bones
|
skull
|
|
|
endochondrial ossification forms --- bones
|
long
|
|
|
parallel species evolved from --- ancestors
|
common
|
|
|
gram negative bacteria have --- membranes
|
2
|
|
|
zoomastigina use --- for movement
|
flagella
|
|
|
have 3 germ layers but no coelom
|
phylum platyhelminthes
|
|
|
makes membranes of lysosomes
|
ER
|
|
|
smallest cell type ever discovered
lacks a cell wall unaffected by penicillin |
micoplasmas
|
|
|
--- subunits of fetal hemoglobin have higher affinity for oxygen than alpha subunits of their mother hemoglobin
|
gamma
|
|
|
cisternae
cristae |
ER
Mitochondria |
|
|
transfer harvested energy to chlorophyll a
|
carotenoids and chlorophyl b
|
|
|
carbon fixation is known as
|
calvin cycle
|
|
|
only organelles that have double membranes
|
nucleus
mitichondria chloroplast |
|
|
involved in pinching off of membranes during cytokinesis
|
microfilaments
|
|
|
decrease fluidity of membrane
|
cholesterol and saturated fatty acids
|
|
|
arterioile --> capillary
blood movement decreases due to increase in --- |
peripheral resistance
cross sectional area friction |
|
|
earth worms excrete
|
urea
molecule formed from CO2 and NH3 |
|
|
force responsible for formation of ultrafiltrate in capillary
|
hydrostatic pressure caused by pumping of heart
|
|
|
HIGH osmotic pressure in the venus end of capillaries allows for
|
reabsorption of ultrafiltrate at venus end of capillary
|
|
|
hemorrhaging releases high levels of which hormone
|
ADH
|
|
|
decreased stroke volume means -->
--- cardiac output --- blood pressure |
decreased
|
|
|
smaller participant of symbiotic relationship
|
symbiont
|
|
|
cause B cells as well as other immune cells to ignore antigens
|
supressor T cells
|
|
|
one female mates with many males
|
polyandry
|
|
|
mRNA always has a --- while tRNA does not
|
poly A tail
|
|
|
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's Huntingtons's |
Neurodegenerative diseases
excessive apoptosis |
|
|
how to extract integral proteins
|
adding a detergent (hydrophobic in nature)
|
|
|
how to extract small soluble proteins
|
heavy centrifugation
|
|
|
how to extract peripheral membrane protein
|
change the salt concentration (hydrophillic)
*held together by hyrdostatic interactions and H bonding |
|
|
Miller Uray experiment used
|
ammonia, methane, water and hydrogen
|
|
|
enzymes or proteins placed in higher than normal temperatures will
|
denature
|
|
|
if actin degenerates ----
|
muscles cannot contract
|
|
|
muscle cells are composed of
|
microfilaments
|
|
|
extracellular matrix are made up of
|
protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans
|
|
|
used to help boost enzyme activity
|
Metal cofactors and ATP
|
|
|
small short “hairs” called fimbriae on the surface of bacteria that can be used in the exchange of genetic material between bacteria and in cell adhesion
allows bacteria to stick to a surface |
pilli
|
|
|
flagella is made up of
|
microtubules
|
|
|
found only on gram-positive bacteria and help keep the cell wall rigid
|
teichoic acids
|
|
|
glycolysis is a --- reaction
|
exergonic
|
|
|
Pharyngeal slits become
|
gills for fish
pharynx for animals urochordates= filter feeding system |
|
|
pharyngeal slits are present in all
|
chordates
|
|
|
Bioluminescence is the---
|
production of light by living organisms
*seen in plant and animals |
|
|
glucan is produced by
|
plants and fungi
|
|
|
chitin is found in
|
fungi and arthropods
|
|
|
glucan and chitin seen ONLY in
|
fungi
|
|
|
contractile muscle region that controls the movement of items from one area to the next
|
sphincter
|
|
|
--- immunity is brought about when an organism is infected or exposed to a virus/bacterium that then causes an internal initiation of the immune system
|
ACTIVE
|
|
|
type of immunity is defined by the transfer of antibodies from one person to another, most commonly illustrated when a woman breastfeeds her newborn infant
|
PASSIVE
|
|
|
short burst of stimulation, but the duration of the contraction is so short that the muscle begins to relax before reaching peak force.
|
twitch contraction
|
|
|
responsible for laying down the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the central nervous system
|
oligodendrocytes (white matter of brain)
|
|
|
blood entering from SVC and IVC is
|
deoxygenated
|
|
|
cartillage takes a long time to heal because it lacks
|
blood supply
|
|
|
apoptosis in embryological development is seen in
|
removal of webbing between fingers
|
|
|
disposes of wastes and permits gas exchange
|
allantois
|
|
|
yolk sac is not found in
|
mammals
|
|
|
nourishes embryo in birds
|
yolk sac
|
|
|
mammals have zona pellucida while sea urchins have
|
vitelline layer
|
|
|
used to compare organisms based on physical appearances
|
cladogram
|
|
|
confirm genetic similarity between organisms
|
gel electrophoresis
|
|
|
nondisjunction in meiosis II is also known as
|
aneuploidy
|
|
|
brackish water means
|
mix between fresh and salt water
example: mangrove leading to estuary, or marshes |
|
|
type of interference competition, where the establishment of other individuals who would compete for a mutual resource is prevented
|
Allelopathy
|
|
|
small grasses, small shrubs, scattered trees, and have both dry and rainy seasons
|
savanna
|
|
|
short growing season, cold temperatures all year round
|
tundra
|
|
|
a cleavage furrow develops from microfilaments encircling the cell and pulling the plasma membrane into the center
|
cytokenisis
|
|
|
vesicles from the Golgi bodies migrate and fuse to form a cell plate to separate the two cells
|
cytokenisis in plants
|
|
|
molecular chaperones are used in protein ---
|
synthesis
|
|
|
triglycerides
steroids cholesterol |
hydrophobic
|
|
|
starch (can or cannot) be dissolved in water
|
CAN
|
|
|
phospholipids are hydro---
|
hydrophobic and hydrophillic
|
|
|
calvin cycle takes place in
|
chloroplast stroma
|
|
|
breakdown fatty acids through beta-oxidation
|
peroxisomes
|
|
|
--- substance pellets first from centrifuge
|
heavier
*nucleus, ribosome, or mitochondria? NUCLEUS |
|
|
methane
ammonia CO2 CO H2 N2 H2O HCl HCN |
part of primitive earth's atmosphere
|
|
|
used in gel electrophoresis to separate proteins based on their electrophoretic mobility (used to compare size and charge)
|
SDS
|
|
|
denatures non- covalent bonds in proteins
|
SDS
|
|
|
anabolism is a --- process
|
endergonic
|
|
|
aquaporins use --- diffusion
|
facilliated
|
|
|
Arthropod Life Cycle
|
Larva/maggots --> Pupa --> Metamorphasis --> Adult
|
|
|
4 classes of biological tissues
|
connective
epithelial muscular nervous |
|
|
blood
cartillage bones adipose |
example of connective tissue
|
|
|
osteoblast activity is associated with what hormone
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
osteoclast activity is associated with what hormone
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
top layer of skin, epidermis contains
|
melanocytes and dead skin
|
|
|
highly vascular layer of skin-
contains blood vessels hair follicles sweat glands nerves |
dermis
|
|
|
-layer of skin that helps conserve body heat
-protects body by acting as shock absorber |
subcutanaeous layer
|
|
|
animal’s ability to involuntarily contract a skeletal muscle without receiving a direct signal from the brain
|
reflex arc
|
|
|
after ejaculation, what process must sperm undergo before they are competent to fertilize an oocyte
|
capacitation
|
|
|
capacitation occurs in
|
oviduct
|
|
|
involves the destabilizing of the acrosome to allow for better binding between the sperm and oocyte
|
capacitation
|
|
|
when the tip of the sperm reacts with the zona pellucida of the egg to fuse together
|
acrosome reaction
|
|
|
Sperm meiosis is completed in
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
empty in placental mammals
used to give nutrients to the embryo in birds and reptiles |
yolk sac
|
|
|
located in the seminiferous tubules to help sperm mature
|
sertoli cells
|
|
|
one strand that extends beyond the complementary strand is called ----
--- is where the foreign DNA will be inserted |
sticky end
|
|
|
ribosome attaches to --- prime end of mRNA
|
5
|
|
|
height and skin color are examples of
|
polygenic inheritance
|
|
|
range of environmental conditions an organism can live in, where there is no influence from predators
|
fundamental niche of an organism
|
|
|
where the organism actually lives in the environment
|
realized niche
|
|
|
hybridization
polyploid balanced polymorphism can lead to--- |
sympatric speciation
|
|
|
part of endosymbiotic theory
|
Mitochondria and Chloroplast:
reproduce --> binary fission DNA --> circular DNA, no proteins double membrane --> prokaryote engulfing eukaryote thylakoid membranes resemble --> cyanobacteria membrane (autrotophic bacteria) |
|
|
part of fluid mosaic model
|
glycoproteins
cholesterol integral protein peripheral protein |
|
|
cells that secrete hormones have a lot of what organelle
|
Golgi
|
|
|
digestive tract cells have an abundance of --- junctions
|
tight junctions
*prevents passage of ions and allows food to be absorbed |
|
|
--- junction used for exchange of materials or electrical impulse
also function as protein channels between animal cells |
gap junctions
|
|
|
protein channels between plant cells
|
plasmodesmata
|
|
|
yeast --- NADPH --> NAD+ to power glycolysis in absence of oxygen
|
oxidizes
|
|
|
arcae are more similar to
|
eukaryotes than bacteria
|
|
|
regulation of blood pH
Trp operon in prokaryotes |
negative feedback
|
|
|
body temperature is controlled by
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
part of limbic system that controls associated with learning and memory
|
hippocampus
|
|
|
part of limbic campus that controls autonomic processes
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Part of cerebral cortex
Recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech |
temporal lobe
|
|
|
Part of cerebral cortex
Orientation, recognition, perception |
parietal lobe
|
|
|
Part of cerebral cortex
Reasoning, planning, problem solving |
frontal lobe
|
|
|
contraction of ventricles
closing of AV valves relaxation of atrium opening of semilunar valve |
systolic
|
|
|
opening of AV valves
closing of semilunar valves ventricles relax |
diastolic
|
|
|
filtrate in Bowman's capsule does not include
|
protein and blood cells
|
|
|
mineralcoricoid released be adrenal cortex
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
Rigor mortis occurs because
|
new ATP is not available to unbind cross bridge
*constant state of contraction |
|
|
produced in the small intestine
stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the chyme |
secretin
|
|
|
shaft of long bone is called ---
shaft of long bone is made up of |
diaphysis
compact bone |
|
|
membrane that covers the surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones
|
periosteum
|
|
|
central cavity of bone shafts
|
medulla cavity
|
|
|
rounded end of a long bone
|
epiphysis
|
|
|
wider portion of a long bone situated near the epiphysis
|
metaphysis
|
|
|
two structures that form the placenta
|
chorion
endometrium |
|
|
fundamental step in cloning animal
|
somatic --> totipotent
|
|
|
zygote --> morula
|
totipotent
|
|
|
can not develop extraembryonic tissue (placenta)
can only differentiate into 3 germ layers |
pluripotent
|
|
|
lights up in DNA microarray technology
|
cDNA
not lit --> not transcribed |
|
|
process of introducing new DNA through a bacteriophage, or virus
|
transduction
|
|
|
transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells by cell-to-cell contact
|
conjugation
*donor forms pillus |
|
|
virus carrying bacterial DNA injects that DNA into a host bacterium, and the DNA is then incorporated into the host genome
|
transduction
|
|
|
is when an animal moves in a specific direction after receiving a stimulus
|
taxis
|
|
|
where the animal will move in a random direction.
slow down --> favorable environment speed up --> unfavorable environment |
kinesis
|
|
|
Law of parsimony
Occam’s Razor, |
simplest explanation is the best explanation
when choosing between competing hypotheses --> the one that makes the least amount of assumptions is the most preferred |
|
|
hollow spheres made of phospholipids
|
liposomes
|
|
|
solid spheres made of phospholipids
|
micelle
|
|
|
sebaceous or oil glands are not found in
|
hands or feet
|
|
|
function of Haversian canals in long bones
|
supply nutrients and nerve function to compact bone
|
|
|
In bones --- house blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
|
haversian canals
|
|
|
cranial nerve that functions in parasympathetic activities
|
vagus nerve
|
|
|
involved in specific and nonspecific immunity
|
macrophages
|
|
|
increase in ADH --- osmolarity of filtrate
|
increases
high osmolarity = high salt content |
|
|
neurotransmitter associated with somatic nervous system
|
acetylcholine
|
|
|
group of cells invaginate into a blastula
|
gastrulation
|
|
|
stem cell that can differentiate into germ layers but NOT embryonic membrane
|
pluripotent
|
|
|
occurs during embryonic cleavage from zygote to morula
|
decrease in blastomere size
|
|
|
spermatogenesis begins at
|
puberty
|
|
|
transports oocytes to the uterus
|
oviduct
|
|
|
decreases rate of gene transcription
|
methylation
|
|
|
increases rate of gene expression
|
acetylation
|
|
|
if the disease affects more males than females and skips generations, this is typically a X-linked recessive disease
|
X linked recessive
|
|
|
describes a bacteriophage once it has inserted its genetic material into the genome of the host cell
|
prophage
|
|
|
If a virus infects a eukaryotic cell and inserts itself into the host genome, it is called a
|
provirus
|
|
|
epiphytes are located in which biome
|
tropical rain forest
|
|
|
volcano
no soil to sustain plants |
primary succession
|
|
|
bacteria populate area
organisms will repopulate an area |
secondary sucession
|
|
|
process would be used to separate two miscible liquids
|
distillation
|
|
|
process to remove the top layer of liquid after the precipitate has settled at the bottom
|
decantation
|
|
|
disulfide
hydrophobic ionic covalent |
factors that effect tertiary structure
|
|
|
fibrous protein critical in the structural makeup of hair, skin, and nails
|
keratin
|
|
|
receptor protein on the surface of the plasma membrane involved in shaping vesicles during endocytosis
|
clathrin
|
|
|
are motor proteins
|
dynein and kinesin
|
|
|
high concentration of lysosomes
|
WBC
|
|
|
high concentration of mitochondria
|
muscle cells
|
|
|
high concentration of Golgi
|
pancreatic cells (secrete hormones)
|
|
|
Which technique would a researcher use to observe the migration of chromosomes during mitosis
|
fluorescence microscopy
|
|
|
dissecting microscopes and cannot greatly magnify an image
|
stereo microscopes
|
|
|
requires the cells to be stained or killed and then observed
offers a much higher resolution because the wavelength of an electron is smaller than that of light |
electron microscopy
|
|
|
Alcohol Fermentation and Citric Acid Cycle release
|
CO2
|
|
|
final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation
|
acetyladehyde
|
|
|
pH --- in oxidative phosphorylation
|
increases
|
|
|
energy source for chemoautotrophs comes from
|
inorganic molecules
|
|
|
haploid spores are formed via asexual and sexual reproduction
|
fungi
|
|
|
all fungi are multicellular
|
FALSE
yeast is unicellular |
|
|
actin --> myosin --> myofibril --> muscle fiber
|
order from smallest to largest
muscle fiber is composed of long tubes known as myofibrils |
|
|
volume of blood pumped from one ventricle in a heartbeat
|
stroke volume
|
|
|
volume of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
|
cardiac output
|
|
|
stroke volume * heart rate
|
cardiac output
|
|
|
foreign molecules that our body recognizes as “nonself”
|
antigen
|
|
|
white blood cell movement to infected areas
|
diapedesis
|
|
|
pancreas secretes an solution to help neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach
|
alkaline
|
|
|
toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine
|
botulism
|
|
|
is used to power the ribosome
|
GTP
|
|
|
community characterized by mild wet winters and hot dry summers
|
chapparal
|
|
|
coniferous forests and cold winters
|
taiga
|
|
|
individuals do not evolve--> --- do
|
populations
|
|
|
occurs when individuals must compete to survive
|
natural selection
|
|
|
has top down effect on environment
|
keystone predator
|
|
|
small size
large charge particles react --- with water |
strongest
|
|
|
origin of life
|
small organic monomers --> polymers --> protobionts
|
|
|
earthworms use --- movement of muscles only
|
longitudinal
|
|
|
inducer in lac operon
|
allolactose
|
|
|
oxidative phosphorylation depends on ---
|
chemiosmosis
|
|
|
low shrubby matlike vegetation
|
tundra
|
|
|
arid climate
short growing season spiny shrubs evergreen leaves |
chapparal
|
|
|
organelle responsible for detoxification of drugs
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
organelle responsible for
steroid synthesis sex hormone synthesis phospholipid synthesis |
smooth ER
|
|
|
area of low concentration to high concentration
|
active transport
|
|
|
hydrostatic skeleton found in
|
annelids, planaria, nematodes and mollusc
|
|
|
class bivalvia means soft body is part of phylum ---
|
mollusca
|
|
|
first genetic material was a ---
|
RNA polymer
|
|
|
medusa are formed by
|
budding
|
|
|
repressor in tryptophan
|
trp repressor
|
|
|
sound waves collected by
|
outer ear
|
|
|
vibrations found in what part of ear
|
tympanic membrane
|
|
|
--- removed in the krebs cycle
|
NADH
|
|
|
provides structural support to nucleus and is located inside nuclear envelope
|
nuclear lamina
|
|
|
double layered membrane that separates nucleus from surrounding cytoplasm
|
nuclear envelope
|
|
|
tracheids and vessels are both --- at maturity
|
dead
|
|
|
atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by
|
combustion of fossil fuels
during creation of fertilizers lightning symbiotic bacteria |
|
|
In mammalian developmental biology, the inner cell mass eventually develops into
|
embryo
|
|
|
Which of the following options correctly sequences the humoral immune response
|
naïve B cells -> mature B cells -> plasma cells -> antibodies
|
|
|
barnacle attached to a whale
|
commensalism
|
|
|
consists of the most recent common ancestor to all of the members of the group and all of the descendents of that common ancestor
|
monophyletic group
|
|
|
From superficial to deep layers of the epidermis, list them in order
|
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
|
|
|
collagen, inorganic hydroxyapatites, and calcium
|
found in bones
|
|
|
C. elegans
|
found in phylum nematoda
|
|
|
D. melanogester is found in phylum
|
arthropoda
|
|
|
Calvin Cycle produces --- ATP per glucose
|
18 ATP per glucose
9 ATP per 3C-PGAL |
|
|
The part of a macromolecule (marker) which a B cell or T cell recognizes as foreign
|
epitope
|
|
|
DNA replication occurs in
|
nucleus
|
|
|
rRNA synthesis occurs in
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
rippled areas of the stomach
|
rugal folds
|
|
|
sugar movement in plants
|
requires energy
multidirectional companion cells source to sink |
|
|
movement of water
|
unidirectional
does not require energy |
|
|
the only way to ensure that a totally new, previously non-existent, allele arises in a population
|
mutation
|
|
|
the sum total of all living species in the same area at the same time
|
community
|
|
|
sertoli cells are found in
|
semineferous tubules
|
|
|
aid developing sperm by providing nutritional support and serving a structural role by forming the blood-testes barrier
|
sertoli cells
|
|
|
sodium potassium pumps used to hydrolyze ---
|
ATP
|
|
|
Tumor suppressor genes, such as --- function to minimize uncontrolled cell growth and thus are not cancer causing genes
|
p53 gene
|
|
|
refers to the study of the entire array of proteins that could be possibly produced by an organism's genome
|
proteonomics
|
|
|
refers to the deliberate attempt to control the genetic makeup of entire populations
|
eugenics
|
|
|
refers to the study of the entire genetic makeup of a particular species
|
genomics
|
|
|
refers to the analysis of distinguishing characteristics of a person's genome
|
DNA fingerprinting
|
|
|
distinguishing between life and non-life is based on two key characteristics
|
independent metabolism
ability to self replicate |
|
|
fetal hemoglobin ---> curve shifts to
|
LEFT
|
|
|
increased BPG ---> curve shifts to
|
right
|
|
|
Myoglobin has a --- oxygen affinity than hemoglobin
|
higher
|
|
|
eutherians are --- mammals
|
placental mammals
|
|
|
pathway allows water to move from root hairs to vascular tissue through the cell walls of plant cells prior to reaching the Casparian strip
|
Apoplastic pathway
|
|
|
two major pathways by which water moves from root hairs to the vascular tissue in plants
|
apoplastic and symplastic
|
|
|
--- pathway = water flows continuously from root hairs to vascular tissue via plasmodesmata
does not consist of water flowing through the cell wall of plant cells. |
symplastic
|
|
|
--- pathway, allows water to move through interconnected cell walls of plant cells until reaching the more centrally located Casparian strip.
|
apoplastic
|
|
|
palms of your hands, your forehead, and the soles of your feet
areas of body with lots of sweat |
eccrine glands
|
|
|
apocrine glands found in ---
|
areas with abundant hair
armpits, pubic area |
|
|
subaceous glands not found in
|
palms of hand and soles of feet
|
|
|
regions of vertebral column
|
cervical
thoracic lumbar |
|
|
A mammalian blastula is more commonly referred to as
|
blastocyst
|
|
|
located at the junction of the soma and axon
|
axon hillock
|
|
|
nerve impulses are generated at
|
axon hillock
|
|
|
synthesizing lipids, detoxifying poisons, and storing calcium ions
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
|
bicuspid/mitral valve
|
|
|
located between the right atrium and right ventricle
|
tricuspid valve
|
|
|
located at the junction between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle
|
semilunar valve
|
|
|
represent the relative amount of oxygen produced from photosynthesis at various wavelengths of light
|
action spectrum
|
|
|
converts ATP to cAMP
|
adenylyl cyclase
|
|
|
most superficial layer of human bone
|
periosteum
|
|
|
--- that are associated with powerful movements tend to be highly integrated with the periosteum of compact bone
|
tendons
|
|
|
serves to cushion and lubricate the enclosed cavities of synovial joints
|
synovial joints
|
|
|
DNA phosphate groups are --- charged
|
negatively (-)
|
|
|
histones surronding DNA have --- charged amino acids
|
positively (+)
|
|
|
occurs when an individual aids another unrelated individual despite an elevated risk to one's own fitness
|
reciprocal altruism
|
|
|
is composed of the skin and many associated structures such as hair, sweat glands, and nails.
|
human integumentary system
|
|
|
lightning, UV radiation from the sun, and heat from geothermal vents
|
origin of prebiotic soup
|
|
|
Stomata will open more readily
|
when guard cells become turgid.
|
|
|
if an efflux of water out of the guard cells causes them to become flaccid, stomata will ---
|
close
|
|
|
If an influx of water into the guard cells causes them to become turgid, stomata will ---
|
open
|
|
|
respiration is both continuous and unidirectional in
|
birds
|
|
|
radioactive oxygen appears in --- exhalation for humans
|
first
*no gas exchange during exhalation |
|
|
tidal breathing in
|
humans
|
|
|
allow bird to exchange gas in both inhalation and exhalation
|
air sacs
|
|
|
antibodies are part of --- immune system
|
adaptive
|
|
|
continuous breathing in --- is --- efficient
|
birds
more |
|
|
innate or --- response
|
non-specific
|
|
|
Due to the amphipathic nature of phospholipids, they tend to orient themselves in a --- orientation
|
head to head
tail to tail |
|
|
occurs when a phospholipid moves from the exterior bilayer to the interior, or vice versa
|
transverse or flip flop orientation
|
|
|
occurs when a phospholipid moves to a location within the same side of the bilayer from which it was originally located
|
lateral diffusion
|
|
|
blood flow velocity is faster in ---
|
arteries
|
|
|
blood flow velocity is slow in
|
veins
|
|
|
primary role of --- in prokaryotes is to replace RNA primers with DNA
|
DNA Polymerase I
|
|
|
the majority of DNA present is replicated by
|
DNA Polymerase III
|
|
|
step used during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
|
location of gene is elucidated
heat used to denature double stranded DNA primer annealing extension |
|
|
Where would you suspect an abundance of active, voltage gated sodium channels
|
nodes of ranvier
*need plenty of Na/K channels because they are unmyelinated |
|
|
where would you suspect few sodium gated ion channels
|
myelinated cells
|
|
|
shared traits derived from a common ancestor
|
synapomorphies
|
|
|
term used to describe an evolutionary ancestor and all of its descendents, and only its descendents (monophyletic group)
|
clade
|
|
|
term that refers to the study of evolutionary relationships
|
phylogeny
|
|
|
term that refers to a single organism or group of organisms
|
taxon
|
|
|
region of cells in sea urchin eggs where yolk tends to be concentrated
|
vegetal pole
|
|
|
when a zygote divides during cleavage smaller daughter cells begin to form. What is the name of these individual smaller cells
|
blastomeres
|
|
|
A single human cell undergoes mitosis. The resulting cell(s) proceed(s) through another round of mitosis. How many cells exist as a result of this process
|
4
|
|
|
correct sequence of developmental events from the list provided is:
|
fertilization, implantation, expulsion of cervical plug, and birth
|
|
|
cervical plug is removed --- birth
|
before
|
|
|
--- hormone is primarily known for its involvement in the sleep-wake cycle in humans
|
melatonin
|
|
|
melatonin is secreted by --- gland
|
pineal
|
|
|
divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic
|
autonomic
|
|
|
re-directs water back through the plasma membrane where it can enter vascular tissue via plasmodesmata
|
caspian strip
|
