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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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reception
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chemical signal is detected
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transduction |
converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
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response |
triggered cellular response |
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ligated ion channel |
receptor acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape |
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intracellular receptors |
chemical messengers that activate receptors |
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apoptosis |
programmed or controlled cell death |
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central dogma of biology |
dna to rna to protein |
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transcription |
synthesis of ran using information in DNA (dna to mrna) |
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Translation |
synthesis of a polypeptide using infer in the mrna (mrna to protein) |
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promoters |
signal the transcription start point
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tata box |
forms the initiation complex in eukaryotes |
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Transcription factors |
mediate the binding of ran polymerase and initiation of transcription |
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rna splicing |
removes introns and joins exons |
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mutations |
changes in the genetic material of cell |
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insertions and deletions |
additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene |
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positive control |
lac operon |
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negative control |
trp operon |
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lac operon |
inducible operon that is OFF. |
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trp operon |
repressible operon that is ON. |
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Regulation of chromatin structure |
highly packed heterochromatin are usually not expressed |
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Regulation of transcription initiation |
control elements (segments of noncoding dna that serve as binding sites for transcription factors that help regulate transcription) |
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Alternative RNA splicing |
different mrna molecules are produced from the same transcript |
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mrna degradation |
the life span of mrna molecules in the cytoplasm is a key to determining protein synthesis |
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initiation of translation |
blocked by regulatory proteins that bind to sequences or structures of the mrna
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protein processing and degradation |
various types of protein processing are subject to control |
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proto-oncogenes |
normally enhance cell division or inhibit cell death |
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oncogenes |
mutation in protooncogenes that lead to cancer |
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tumor suppressor genes |
normally prevent cell division or cause cell death |
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virus |
very small infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat and membranous envelope |
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capsid |
protein shell that encloses viral genome |
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lytic cycle |
phage replicative cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell |
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lysogenic cycle |
replicates the phage genome without destroying the host |
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vaccines |
harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes |
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gene cloning |
involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene |
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restriction enzymes |
cut dna molecules at specific dan sequences |
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stem cell |
relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells |
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gene therapy |
alteration of an afflicted individuals genes |
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discard |
discard |
