Biology Exam #5

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Hershey Chase (1952)

Back 1

proved that DNA (not protein) is the carrier of genetic information

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T2 Bacteriaphage

Back 2

virus that infects E.Coli (used in the Hershey Chase experiment)

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E. Coli

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bacteria

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adenine, thymine, cytasine, guanine

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4 nitrogenous bases that make up nucleotides of DNA

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Erwin Chagraff (1950)

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protein that the amount of A=T, G=C

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Francis Grick, James Watson

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discovered that DNA has a double helix structure

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double helix

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structure of DNA (shape)

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nitrogenous base
deoxyribose
phosphate

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the building blocks of nucleotide that make DNA

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hydrogen bonds

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hold together the two strands of DNA (A=T, G=C)

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"back bone"

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made of phosphate & deoxyribose

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RNA

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similar to DNA
single-stranded
(ribose replaces deoxyribose, uracil replaces thymine)

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replication fork

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where two strands of DNA are separating

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DNA helikase

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enzyme that separates the 2 strands of DNA

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DNA polymerase

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enzyme that replicated DNA

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primase

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makes primer

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primer

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short segment of RNA required for DNA plymerase to bind and start replicating

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leading strand

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DNA being synthesized in the direction the replication fork is opening

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lagging strand

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DNA strand growing in opposite direction of replication fork (Okazaki fragments)

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Okazaki fragments

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new fragments of DNA on lagging strand

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DNA ligase

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enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments

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telomeres

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repetitive sequences of DNA at end of eukaryotic chromsome

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PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

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method to amplify fragments in piece of DNA

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ddNTPs

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modified nucleotides used in DNA sequencing

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gel electrophoresis

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method to separate DNA based on size

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polypeptide

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a protein (made of amino acids)

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central dogma

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DNA codes for RNA which codes for protein

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transcription

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process of making RNA from DNA

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translation

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process of making protein from RNA

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mRNA

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(messenger) codes for protein & template for translation

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tRNA

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(transfer) bridge between mRNA & amino acid (covalently bodned to an amino acid)

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rRNA

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(ribosomal) part of ribosome

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ribosome

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large structure where protein is made

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codon

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3 letter sequence of mRNA that codes for amino acid

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anticodon

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part of tRNA that replicates & binds to codon

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redundant

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64 possible codons that code for 20 amino acids

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start codons

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AUG always the first amino acid and start of translation

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stop codons

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3 stop codons that code for stop of translation

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RNA polymerase

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enzyme that makes RNA

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promoter

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sequence of DNA that quides RNA polymerase to start transcription

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somatic mutations

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in a body cell not used for reproduction, could cause cancer

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germ-like mutation

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in cell (gamete) used for reproduction, passed down to children

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silent mutation

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change in nuleotide, doesnt change amino acid sequence

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missease mutation

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does result in different amino acids

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nonsense mutations

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insert stop codon in middle of the gene

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frame-shift mutation

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inserts single nucloetide into gene