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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____________converts solar energy into chemical energy by _____________.
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___Producers____
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four basic types of building blocks are: __________, _____________, _______________,and ____________
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: ___monosaccharides___, __amino acids___, __nucleotides___, and __fatty acids___.
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Consumers can be divided into two types: _______ and __________.
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__herbivores__ and __carnivores__.
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Carnivores can be divided into two types:
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__predators__ and __scavangers__.
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Producers utilize_________ and _____________ to form__________ through photosynthesis
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___water___ and __carbon dioxide___ to form ___carbohydrates__
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Cheetah is considered to be a ________ predator, because it hunts predominantly ______________.
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__specialist__
___Thomson’s gazelles__. |
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In Oregon, the ___________ have developed resistance to the tetrodotixin, a potent _________ produced by the ___________.
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garter snakes
neurotoxin taricha newts |
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The Nile crocodile is an example of a __________ predators, and their hunting tactic is by __________
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__generalists__
__stealth__ |
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______ have become master hunters of the night sky with the use of _________ to map their environments with pinpoint accuracy.
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___Bats___
____echolocation__ |
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To detect the approaching bats, _______ have developed a simple ______ to detect the ______ sound emitted by the bats.
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___moths___
__ear__ ___ultrasonic___ |
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To escape from predation, the moths will alter their _______when they detect approaching ________.
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___flight paths__
____bats___ |
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The ___________- shut off their ____________ when they get closed to a moth, relying entirely on their hearing.
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brown big-eared bats
sonar |
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Using a group cooperative strategy, ____________ work together to hung _________.
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chimpanzees
colobus monkey |
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Chimpanzees subsist mainly on a __________diet, but they occasionally supplement their diet with meat from hunting the __________________.
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vegetarian
colobus monkeys |
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In the past 50 years, a ___________ system has been developed to raise cattle in confinement and to feed them with __________.
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feedlot
corn |
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To prevent the spread of __________ diseases, the cattle feeds are heavily supplemented with ___________.
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infectious
antibiotics |
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The excessive use of antibiotics in the _________ system to raise cattle increases the probability of the emergence of antibiotic resistant ____________ strains.
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feedlot
bacterial |
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The bacteria reside on the human body is known as the ________, they are known as ___________.
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normal flora
commensalists |
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Microorganisms are found on the mucous linings of the: ___________, _____________, _____________, _______________ and _______________
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___oral cavity___, ___upper respiratory tract___, __small intestine__, ___large intestine___, and ___urogenital tract___.
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The expulsion mechanisms of the innate defense system include:__________, __________, _____________, and ____________.
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__sneezing__, __coughing__, __tearing___, and ___flow of urine___.
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The four clinical signs of inflammation are: _____________, ___________, ____________, and ____________.
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__redness__, __heat___, __pain___, and ___swelling___.
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During inflammation, ____________ engulf and destroy bacteria in a process known as ________________.
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macrophages
phagocytosis |
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Pus contains dead ____________ and ________________
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___bacteria___ and ___macrophages___.
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The ___________________ live in the follicles of hair and eyelashes in forming a ____________ relationship.
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hair follicle mites
commensalistic |
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The two common bacterial venereal diseases are: __________ and _____________
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___gonorrhea___ and ___syphilis___
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The bacterial disease that causes most death in the world is ___________.
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tuberculosis
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The genetic materials of viruses could be either__________ or _____________
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___DNA___ or ___RNA___.
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Viruses can only reproduce inside a ________. They are known as ___________ parasites and cannot be treated by ____________.
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cell
obligated antibiotics |
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HIV infects the ______________ and destroys the ________________.
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lymphocytes
immune system |
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Influenza virus has ____________ as its genetic materials.
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RNA
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Antigenic________ are minor changes in the sequence of the RNA due to __________.
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drifts
mutation |
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Antigenic _____________ are major changes in the viral genes due to _______________ between different viral strains.
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shifts
recombination |
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The last major global outbreak of influenza, known as __________ took place in _________
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pandemic
1918 |
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The species often involved in gene exchange that foster an influenza pandemic are__________, ____________, and _____________
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___bird___, ___pig___, and ___human___.
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The oldes living organism on earth is a _________________, known as the Methuselah tree, which is estimated over ____________ years old.
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bristlecone pine
4,700 |
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The following factors contribute to the longevity of the Methuselah tree: __________, ________________, _______________ and ______________.
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___short growing season ___, ___cold temperature___, ___high wind___, and dense and resinous wood___.
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The life span for the giant tortoise is _________ years, and the life span for a mouse is __________ years
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177
3 |
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The verified maximum human life span is __________ years
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122
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The life expectancies of early 18th century England, early 20th century America, and 21st century Japan are__________, _______________, and __________, respectively
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___37___, ___47___, and ___81___,
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The world’s lowest life expectancy is found in the nation of __________ with a life expectancy of _________.
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Zambia
37 |
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Recent studies have shown that 50% of the world population live on $________ per day and without ____________.
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2
social security. |
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The top three causes of deaths in the US during 2001 are: ________,______________, and _________
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___heart diseases___, ___cancer___, and ___strokes___.
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The top ten causes of deaths in the world during 2002 include four infectious diseases: No. 4 _________, No. 7 ___________, No. 8 __________, and No. 9 __________.
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HIV/AIDS
diarhea diseases tuberculosis malaria |
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During energy metabolism in the presence of ____________, highly reactive molecules known as _________ are produced.
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oxygen
free radicals |
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Calorie restriction was first discovered in 1933 to extend ________ of ___________
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life span
laboratory rats |
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Calorie restriction is a diet that reduces calorie intake to __________ of normal consumption, but with a supplement of ________.
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60-70
essential nutrients |
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Calorie restriction has the following benefits: ___________, _______________, and _____________
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___extension of life span___, ___slowing physiological decline___, and ___preventing age-related diseases___.
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The main benefit of calorie restriction is the reduction of ____________ in a study involving a group of _________.
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free radical damages
Rhesus monkeys |
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Agents that can mimic the phsyciological effects of calorie restriction are known as calorie restriction ____________. Resveratrol has been suggested to be such an agen found in ____________.
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mimetic
grape skin |
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Cooperation can occur at the levels of ______________ and _______________ cooperation
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intraspecies
interspecies |
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The river dolphins prey on small fish by swimming in synchrony to create _______ that drives the fish onto the ______________.
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surge
shore or river bank. |
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The four types of intraspecies cooperation are ___________, ________________, _______________, and ______________.
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mutualism___, ___reciprocity___, ___obligated altruism___, and ___facultative altruism___.
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Herding, flocking, schooling are a form of __________________ based on the principle of ______________.
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group or social defense
mutualism |
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The emergence of a similar behavioral trait such as herding, flocking, and schooling by organisms with distinct evolutionary ancestry is known as ___________
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convergent evolution
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Meerkats participate in reciprocity by taking turn to ______________ and to _______________________-
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___care for their young___ and to ___stand sentry for aerial predators (eagles and hawks)___.
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Studies have shown that the meerkats on sentry duty always select a perch close to their burrows. This observation has led to the development of the
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personal safety hypothesis
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Eusociality is also known as _____________.
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kin selection
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In the eusocial society, the workers are __________ females and ______________ to each other
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sterile
sisters |
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The _________ live in a ____________ with only one ______________ and 30 to 40 workers.
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mole rats
eusocial society breeding pair |
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Florida scrub jay live in a society of _______________. The __________ stay with the _______ to help raise the young.
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facultative altruism
juveniles parents |
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The leafcutter ants live in a ____________ with only one ________________ in each colony.
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eusocial society
reproductive female |
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The leafcutter ants harvest leaves in the tropical rain forest. They chew the leaves into a _________ to cultivate a ______ in their subterranean chambers
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mulch
fungus |
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If the gardeners of the leafcutter ants were removed, their fungal culture will be ___________ by a ____________.
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destroyed
pathogenic mold |
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The gardeners of the leafcutter ants control the pathogenic mold use _________ produced by __________ that they carry on their back.
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antibiotics
bacteria |
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In r-selection, the reproductie rate is _______ and the investment in the offspring is _________ or __________
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high
quantity quality |
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The k-selection, the reproductive rate is _____, and the investment in the offsrping is ______ or _________
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low
quality quantity |
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The r-selection, the organisms generally have ________span, whereas in k-selection, the organisms have _______ life span
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short
long |
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In r-selection, the organisms produce ___________ young than can ________ by the environment.
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significantly more
be supported |
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Carrying capacity is defined as the ability of the environment to sustain the population of a species in ______________ density
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a steady-state population
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Technology can overcome population by the following factors: 1)____________ and __________________
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1) ___discovering and making new resources available___ and 2) ___increasing productivity of existing resources___.
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The world population was _____________ at 950 AD, and it reached _____________ in 1802.
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250 million
1 billion |
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The world population was ___________ at 1802, and it reached ___________ in 1927.
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1 billion
2 billion |
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The world population was ___________ at 1802, and it rached _______ in 1999.
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1 billion
6 billion |
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The world population was ____________ at 1802, and it increased by _____ fold by 1999.
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1 billion
6 |
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The world population is growing by _________ per year, representing a growth rate of ___________.
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75 million
1.2% |
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At the current growth rate, the world population will be between ___________ and ___________ billion by 2050.
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9
12 |
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The population of ______________ , is undergoing an population explosion. It has a population of ______ million in a state the size of Colorado.
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Uttar Pradesh
177 |
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In India the emphasis of _______ children has led to _______ million fewer women than men due to ______________.
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male
35 abortion of female fetuses |
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India's population problem is rooted in ____________ and lack of _______________ by women
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gender discrimination
reproductive choice |
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If India’s fertility rate drops to 2.0 by 2020, its population in 2050 will be _________ billion. If India’s fertility rate drops to 2.5, its population will reach __________ billion in 2050
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1.6
2 |
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List four global problems as a consequence of world overpopulation: ____________, ____________, ___________ and ____________.
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___deforestation___, ___mass extinction___, ___pandemic diseases___, and ___war___.
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List four social problems are caused by overpopulation____________, __________, ___________, and ___________.
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___poverty___, ___illiteracy___, ___unemployment___, and ___increase crime rate___.
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Japanese fertility rate has dropped to __________over the past two decades. If this trend continues, Japan’s population at the end of the century will be approximately __________ million
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1.3
60 |
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Japanese fertility trend suggests that economic stability and greater investment in only one child follow the pattern of __________ selection
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k-
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Japanese who postpones marriages and having children have been labeled in the Japanese society as ___________
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parasite singles
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Japanese have the longest life expectancy in the world with the average life expectancies for male and female at ________and _______ respectively
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78
84 |
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Japan’s population structure is opposite from____; it shapes like a(n) __________.
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India
inversed pyramid |
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Japan’s low fertility rate can be contributed by two factors: ____________ and ________________
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women entering the work force
high cost to raise a child |
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US has also seen a decline in fertility rate to below 2.0, but the US population will continue to grow slowly due to ____________.
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immigration
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prosperity of the US has adverse consequences on the world due to its high standard of living. US with 7% of the world’s population emit __________ of world's greenhouse gases. A child born in US will pollute ____________ times more during his/her lifetime than a child who is born in India
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25
30 |
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In many parts of Saharan Africa, social institutions have been crumbling due to ___________ which has ravaged the population segment between the age of ________ and ________
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AIDS
20 60 |
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If the world fertility rate stabilizes at 2.0, the world population will be ___________ billion in 2050. If the world fertility rate moves to 2.35, the world population be ________ billion
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9
11 |
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Global actions from individual to the governmental levels are vital in order to reach a future society of ___________ and _________________
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shared prosperity
environmental sustainability |
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Different versions of the same gene are known as _______ which are generated by ________
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alleles
mutation |
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Individual variations are resulted from ________ to produce a large number of _______ by the same individual
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meiosis
gametes |
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Individual variations are the result of _____________
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sexual reproduction
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The six basis principles of natural selection are:____________, _______________, ___________, __________, ___________, and ____________.
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1. ___Individuals must reproduce___
2. ___Individuals must be able to pass their traits to the next generation___ 3. ___Variability must exists among individuals___ 4. ___The environment cannot support all offspring___ 5. ___Individuals with favorable traits will leave more offspring___ 6. ___Individuals with least favorable traits will die out___ |
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selection is a process by which biological populations are changed over time as a result of the propagation of ____________ that affect the capacity of individual organisms to _____________.
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heritable traits
survive and reproduce |
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Dog is one of the ___________ of wolf. Dog is classified as ________________.
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subspecies
Canis lupus familaris |
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Molecular data suggest that the dog and wolf ancestries started to separate about______ years ago. Human and wolf remains have been found together as early as __________ years ago.
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150,000
400,000 |
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Evidence of modern dogs appears about _________ years ago, and the evidence of the early dog was found __________ years ago in cave art.
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14,000
5,000 |
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The two hypothesis of dog domestication are: ________________ and __________________
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___the human adoption hypothesis___
and ___the mutual selection hypothesis___. |
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The mutual selection hypothesis proposes that early wolves approached human encampment to ______. The wolves that were least afraid of humans adopted a new lifestyle.
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scavenge
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One theory suggests that the early semi-domesticated wolves might have helped modern humans to: ________________ and ______________
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___out-compete the Neandertrals___
and ___develop language___. |
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During the breeding of tame foxes in Russia, other unusual traits, such as _______________ and ____________ were also bred. The reduction in __________ and other hormones is likely to play a role
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multi-color coat
barking adrenalin |
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All dogs are genetically differed by about 0.1%. The traits of different breeds of dog have been recently shown to due to differences in the ____________ of the dog __________
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regulatory regions
DNA |
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There are six main classes of dogs: ____________, _____, _____, _______, __________ and ______________.
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___sporting___, ___hound___, ___Terriers___, ___working___, ___herding___, ___toy___.
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Salukis are the ____________ mammal in a _________ mile race.
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fastest
3 |
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Systema Naturae was published by ______________ in 1735. Throughout his lifetime, he classified 7,700 species of ________ and 4,400 species of____________
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Linnaeus
plants animals |
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Biological classification is also known formally as biological __________. Today over _________ million species have been classified
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systematics
1.4 |
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Modern biological classification is based on ____________ and ___________.
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___common descent___
and ___ancestral relationship___. |
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________________ is a classification method similar to constructing a ________, where ancestral relationships is mapped.
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cladistic classification
family tree |
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An outmoded classification system originated with __________ 350 BC stressed the immutability of living organisms and their arrangement from simple to complex organisms is known as______________
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Aristotle
scala naturae |
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The great apes include four biological organisms ___________, ___________, __________, ___________
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___orangutan___, ___gorilla___, ___chimpanzee___, and ___humans___.
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Orangutans are the largest ___________ animals. They are only found in ____________ and ___________.
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arboreal
Sumatra Borneo |
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There are _________ species of gorilla: the _________ and _________ gorillas
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two
Western Eastern |
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They are ________ dwelling with few natural predators. They are quadrupedal, using a locomotion behavior known as __________________
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ground
knuckle walking |
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Project Koko trained a female gorilla from 1 year of age to communicate with ____________. Koko has a vocab of ____________ words
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sign language
1,000 |
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There are two species of chimpanzees: the ________ chimpanzee and the ___________ chimpanzee
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common
bonobo or the pygmy |
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Chimpanzees use ___________ as an activity for developing ________ bonds
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grooming
social |
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The great ape lineage split from the ____________ about 18 million years ago
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lesser ape
|
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____________ split into the genera __________ and _____________ about 6 million year ago.
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Hominini
Pan Homo |