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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cambrian explosion, many phyla, short time, why
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Hox genes, environment, predator prey interactions
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What makes an animal
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Heterotrophic, multicellular, eukarya
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Protoplasmic organization in protozoans
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all functions occur within the cell
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Cellular organization
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Group of cells with different functions
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Tissue org.
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aggregation of similar cells into layers
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organ org.
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organization of tissues into organs
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system org.
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organs working together to perform function
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increased complexity and body size, advantages & disadvantages?
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advantages: able to tolerate environmental variation, predator avoidance, food acquistion, metabolically efficient. disadvantages: surface area increase at a slower rate than body volume- solution-folds in body surface
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diploblastic
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endoderm & ectoderm .. cnidaria
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triploblastic
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endoderm & ectoderm & mesoderm.. form during gastrulation of the blastula
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radial symmetry
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cnidaria
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bilateral symmetry
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all other phyla beginning with platyhelminthes
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anterior
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front plane of body
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posterior
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back plane of body
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dorsal
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back (think dorsal fin!)
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ventral
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underside
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lateral
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cuts at midline
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sagittal plane
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cuts along back sides are the same
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frontal plane
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cuts so two sides are different, legs and back
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transverse plane
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cuts so one side has head and one said has tail
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aceolomate
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no body cavity, space filled with parenchyma, gut cavity.. platyhelminthes
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psuedocoelomate
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have body cavity but not a true coelom since it’s not derived from mesoderm, tube within a tube body plan, freedom of movement, system development, storage and distribution of materials, hydrostatic skeleton...nematoda
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coelomate
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posses true coelom that is derived from mesoderm.. mollusca, annelida,arthropoda, annelida
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radial cleavage
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Radial cleavage is characteristic of the deuterostomes in which the spindle axes are parallel or at right angles to the polar axis of the oocyte.
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spiral cleavage
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Spiral cleavage is conserved between many members of the lophotrochozoan taxa..When viewed from the animal pole, this arrangement of cells displays a spiral pattern.
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blastula
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solid sphere of cells, zygote undergoes cell division (cleavage)
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gastrula
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3 germ layers develop after cleavage
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protostome
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mouth develops first.. platyhelminthes, nematoda, mollusca, annelids and arthropoda
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dueterstome
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mouth develops second (anus first).. none that we have studied so far
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blastopore
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The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore
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classification
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traditional & molecular (molecular has two clades for protostome)
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phyla with segmentation
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annelida and arthopoda
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spogin
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type of collagen, protein forms spongey skeleton
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spicules
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Siliceous or calcium carbonate spicules used for structure and defense
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choanocytes
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canals lined with collar cells to aid in feeding
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ostia
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tiny pores in porifera for inflow
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oscula
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large pores for outflow in porifera
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spongocoel
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large central cavity of porifera
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asconoid canal
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the canals run straight through the sponge body and all the choanocytes line the central large space called the 'spongocoel'
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syconoid canal
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"s" for syconoid, folds Instead the water flows a twisted route through a number of canals some of which are lined with choanocytes before being expelled into the spongocoel and out through the osculum.
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leuconoid canal
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most complex, the canal system is more complicated again with the canals being longer and more branched, they lead to special chambers whose walls are lined by choanocytes, there are no choanocytes in the canals
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cell types in porifera (besides choanocytes)
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pinacytes-thin cells, help regulate surface area, porocytes-asconoid sponges, archaeocytes- ameboid cells differentation
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phylum porifera basic characteristics
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no true tissues (parazoans), no symmetry, choanocytes
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Class calcarea
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spicules of calcium carbonate small shallow water , all 3 types of canals
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Class Hexactinellida
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siliceous spicules (glass), syconoid or leuconoid body canals
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Class Demospongia
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80% of all porifera, leuconoid body canal
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cnidocytes
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contain nematocysts, used in predation
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nerve net
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sense organ
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cnidocil
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stinging-cell bristle of jellyfish: a tiny bristle that projects from the stinging cell of a jellyfish
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polyp
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one of two forms in cnidaria, sessile
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medusa
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one of two forms in cnidaria, bell shaped
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gastrovascular cavity
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digestion in cnidaria and platyhelminthes
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rhopalium
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sensory structures in scyphozoa and cubuzoa
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velum
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helps with propulsion, circular membrane around cap of scyphozoa
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zooxanthella
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coral-zooxanthella relationship has traditionally been considered mutualistic... ANTHOZOA
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mesoglea
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support system for cnidaria / hydrostatic skeleton
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Phylum cnidaria
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radial symmetry, diploblastic, nerve net, gastrovascular cavity, appearance of sense organs (eyes?), cnidocytes and nematocysts
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Class hydrozoa
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colonial, polyp and medusa, sense organs, VELUM IN MEDUSA
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class staurozoa
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solitary, medusa stage absent, ONLY POLYP
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class scyphozoa
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true jellies, solitary, polyp stage reduced. MEDUSA! manubrium develops into 4 arms... rhopalium (simple statocysts and sensory organs)
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Class cubozoa
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bells almost square, fatal stings, base of tentacles form pedalium, medusa, VELARIAUM, complex eyes.. rhopalium!!
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Class Anthozoa
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Anemones and corals, all polyps... subclass zoantharia - multiples of 6, build coral reefs! & octocorallia- 8 tentacles, soft corals
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phylum ctenophora
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complete gut, adhesive colloblasts
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Ctene
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locomotion in ctenophora
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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aceolomate, flame cells, protonephridia, bilateral symmetry, cerebral ganglia, dual glands for quick attachment and detachment
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Flame Cells
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excretory organs in platyhelminthes
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Class Turbellaria
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Platyhelminthes-- rhabdites (mucus glands) gut and pharynx form, FREE LIVING
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Class Trematoda
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Platyhelminthes-- endoparasites on vertebrates, ALL FLUKES, suckers and hooks
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Class Monogenea
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Platyhelminthes-- ectoparasites on fish, flukes
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Class Cestoda
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Platyhelminthes-- tapeworms, hooks and suckers, loss of digestive tract, body=head, mostly reproductive organs proglotidds, endoparasites to all
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Phylum Nematoda
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pseudocoelomate advantages: greater freedom of movement more protection and space for organs, complete gut, support system is cuticle (outer covering) movement is writhing
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Pharynx
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muscle for feeding in Platyhelminthes
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Phylum Mollusca
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eucoelomate (reduced)!, open circulatory system, 3 part body mantle visceral mass and foot, respiratory - gills and lungs
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Larval forms in Mollusca
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trochophore and veliger
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metanephridia
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excretory gland in mollusca
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operculum
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lid on the shell of gastropod
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torsion and coiling
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during early development lead to asymmetrical visceral mass
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umbo
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formed during juvenile stages of bivalvia
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incurrent / excurrent siphons
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filter feeders on mollusca
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radula
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tongue like feeder on mollusca
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Class Bivalvia
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two shells, hinge lgament and adductor muscles, reduced head, suspension feeding(loss of radula..tongue like feeder)
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Class Cephalopoda
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shell absent, brain and complex eyes, CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, chromatophores and ink production.. OCTOPUS
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Class Gastropoda
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snails, 1 shell, torsion and coiling leads to loss of nephridia and gill
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Sub Class Pulmonata
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Class Gastropoda.. LUNGGGG!
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Phylum Annelida
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metameric/segmentation! euceolomate, nephridia for excretion, closed circulatory
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Pygidium
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tail in annelids, growth in front
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Parapodia
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feet like... dorsal lobes are notopodia and ventral branches are neuropodia.. bear cirri and setae in Annelida
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clitellum
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sac where eggs are deposited in annelida
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chlorogogen cells
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liver in annelida
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Class Polychaete
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no clitellum, PARAPODIA, lots of setae, complex head, SEDENTARY... ANNELIDA.. no permanent sex organs
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Class Oligochaete
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earthworms, giant axons, clitellum present permanently, typhlosole and chloragogen cells for digestion, gizzard/crop, few setae ANNELIDA
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Class Hirundinia
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lack setae, clittelum present during breeding, suckers for feeding ANNELIDA
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Phylum Arthropoda
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ecdysis/molting, eucoelomate, open circulatory system, mandibles or chelicerae for feeding, diverse because air is pumped directly to cells, segmentation & metamorphosis
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Subphylum Myripoda
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uniramous, 1 pair of antennae, mandibles
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Class Chilopoda
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subphylum myripoda, centipedes, predators, 1 pair of appendages
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Class Diplopoda
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subphylum myripoda, Millipedes, 2 pairs of appendages, herbivores
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Subphylum Chelicerata
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appendages for feeding are pedipalps and chelicera, uniramous, no antennae
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Order Aranae
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subphylum chelicerata, class arachnida
book lungs!! excretion: malpighian tubes, silk glands |
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Order Scorpionida
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subphylum chelicerata, class arachnida pedipelps form large pincers
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Order Acari
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subphylum chelicerata, class arachnida ticks, thorax and abdomen fused
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Subphylum Crustacea
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biramous appendages, exoskeleton rich in calcium, molting, gills
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Class Branchipoda
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subphylum crustacea, important freshwater zooplankton
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Class Maxillopoda
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subphylum crustacea
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sub class branchiura
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class maxillopoda, fish ectoparasite
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sub class copapoda
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class maxillopoda marine zooplankton
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Class Malacostraca
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subphylum crustacea
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Order Ispoda
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Class Malacostraca true terrestrial crustaceans
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Order Decapoda
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Class Malacostraca, commercially important!! example: shrimp
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