Biology Exam 2 Review

Front 1

Law of Conservation of Energy states that______ cannot be created or_______ but it can be changed from one_______ to ________.

Front 2

Kinetic Energy

Back 2

he kinetic energy of an object is theenergy that it possesses due to its motion

Front 3

Potential Energy

Back 3

potential energy is a result of gravity pulling downwards.

Front 4

entropy

Back 4

lack of order or predictability; gradual decline into disorder.

Front 5

ATP is the energy_____________ of cells.

Front 6

ATP contains a sugar and nitrogen base and three__________.

Front 7

ATP can be broken down by breaking last phosphate group bond to form______.

Back 7

ADP

Front 8

It can be rebuilt.

Back 8

ATP

Front 9

Enzymes

Back 9

a.This has an active site where substrate binds.

b.can be part of a metabolic pathway

c.can be inhibited by an inhibitor (competitive and noncompetitive) feedback inhibition

Front 10

metabolic pathway

Front 11

diffusion

Back 11

the movement from a high to low concentration

Front 12

osmosis

Back 12

the movement involving water from a high to low concentration

Front 13

solvent

Back 13

a substance that dissolves another

Front 14

solution

Back 14

solvent+solute =

Front 15

solute

Back 15

a substance being dissolved by another

Front 16

hypotonic solutions

Back 16

contain less solute than the cell

(water will flow into the cell)

Front 17

hypertonic solutions

Back 17

contain more solute than the cell

(water will flow into the cell)

Front 18

What happens with a hypertonic solution?

Back 18

plant cells become plasmolysed, red blood cells become shriveled or undergo crenation

Front 19

isotonic solutions

Back 19

contain the same number of solute molecules as the cell

Front 20

endocytosis

Back 20

the transport of solid matter or liquid into a cell

Front 21

exocytosis

Back 21

the transport of material out of a cell by means of a sac or vesicle that first engulfs the material and then is extruded through anopening in the cell membrane

Front 22

phagocytosis

Back 22

the ingestion of a smaller cell or cell fragment

Front 23

pinocytosis

Back 23

the transport of fluid into a cell

Front 24

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 24

targets specific organelles to enter through membrane

Front 25

active transport

Back 25

the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy.

Front 26

The four phases of the breakdown of glucose are:

Back 26

Glycolysis

transition reaction (prep step)

krebs (citric) cycle

electron transport chain

Front 27

products of glycolysis

Back 27

two Pyruvate, two NADH, and two ATP

Front 28

What is substrate level ATP synthesis?

Front 29

How many ATP are invested in glycolysis?

Back 29

2

Front 30

Products of the electron transport chain

Front 31

photosynthesis

Back 31

the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants,algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll.

Front 32

fermentation

Back 32

The process by which complex organic compounds are broken down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds without the use of oxygen. It results in the production of energy in theform of two ATP molecules, and produces less energy than the aerobic process of cellular respiration

Front 33

What organisms can photosynthesize?

Front 34

chloroplast

Back 34

has a double outer membrane and an interior membrane which makes up thylakoids

Front 35

Light reactions of Photosynthesis occur in the...

Back 35

______membrane

Front 36

Calvin Cycle occurs in the

Back 36

Stroma of Chloraplast

Front 37

light reactions

Back 37

two photosystems which contain an electron acceptor and pigment

Front 38

The electron transport chain releases energy in the form of a

Back 38

H+ gradient (important in ATP production)

Front 39

codon

Back 39

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Front 40

anticodon

Back 40

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Front 41

genetic code

Back 41

the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.

Front 42

RNA polymerase

Back 42

A polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template, or, in some viruses, from an RNA template

Front 43

ribosome

Back 43

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

Front 44

tRNA

Back 44

Small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome for polymerization into a polypeptide.Anticodon of the this pairs with a codon on the mRNA being translated

Front 45

amino acid

Back 45

building block of protein (monomer)

Front 46

Adenine------------------------------------>

Back 46

<------------------------------------Thymine

Front 47

Guanine------------------------------------>

Back 47

<------------------------------------Cytosine