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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Passive Transportation
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Movement of a substance accross a membrane without the cell excerting its own energy
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Where does glycolysis take place
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the cytoplasm
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Which aerobic step makes use of an electron transport chain? where does it reside?
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Electron transport phosphorilation; embeded in a membrane
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how is enzyme activity influenced by enviornmental conditions?
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Temperature can lead to a fever which causes denaturation
Enzymes break apart PH Saltination (too salty or not salty enough leads to denaturation) |
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How do enzymes influence a reaction's activation energy?
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Enzymes lower Activation Energy
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Anerobic respiration
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doesnt use oxygen
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cellular respiration
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-a controlled release of energy
-conversion to and storage as ATP |
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Competitive inhibition
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imposers get stuck in the enzyme and substrates can no longer fit
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Exocytosis
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-sends things out of cells
example=Active transport (congo red-->yeast cell) |
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What is ATP
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-Cellular money
-adenosine triphospate |
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How do we make ATP?
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Cellular respiration
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What is an enzyme?
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Reactions that require Activation Energy
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Endocytosis
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Bringing stuff into cells
Example=diffusion (congo red was diffused into all yeast cells) |
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What is the purpose of glycolysis and the krebs cycle?
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To collect electrons
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What does alcoholic fermentation produce?
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2ATP, ethanol and it releases CO2
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Where does the capturing of photons take place?
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During light reactions
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What does the krebs cycle produce?
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2ATP, Carbon dioxide
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WHere does the krebs cycle take place?
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the mitochondrion matrix
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Where does electron transport phosphorylation take place?
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Mitochondrion inner membrane
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What does electron transport phosphorylation produce?
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32-34 ATP
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What part of photosynthesis uses an electron transport chain? Where does it reside?
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Light reactions; thylakoid membrane
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Cell cycle
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The cell's life cycle
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What is the purpose of Anerobic fermentation?
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convert energy stored in food to ATP
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What are the boundaries of the cell cycle?
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Division (cell is created by division)-->division (cell divides itself)
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What is the purpose of mitotic cell division?
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Growth
Repair/replacement asexual reproduction |
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Does life violate the second law of thermodynamics?
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no! living things dont run on 100% efficiency; ppl/animals are always giving off heat
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Why is chemical energy so important?
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It is MOST IMPORTANT
it pulls energy from food for us to use (potential energy of molecules) |
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Basic formula for aerobic cellular respiration
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Oxygen+glucose-->carbon dioxide+water+ATP!
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Kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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cell membranes functions
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seperate the living from the nonliving
Regulate what leaves and enters the membrane |
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What does potential energy result from?
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Relative position (window washers falling)
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SEcond law of thermodynamics
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energy transfer/transformation increases entrophy (heat)
-nothing ever preforms 100% efficiency |
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Isotonic
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equal concentration between two things; no noticable movement
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Gametes
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sex cells (sperm, egg)
haploin (n) one set of chromosomes |
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Meiosis: interphase
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chromosomes/dna duplicate so every cell has the information they need
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2 types of pairs
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autosomes-carry day to day information
sex chromosomes-determine sex |
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What is the purpose of mitotic cell division
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growth
repair/replacement asexual reproduction |
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Anerobic Pathways:
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Fermentation...
produces ATP w/o oxygen begins w/ glycolysis produces little ATP |
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3 major steps of aerobic cellular respiration
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport phosphorilation
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What does it mean for an enzyme to be inhibited?
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it is hindered
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To which class of macromolecules do enzymes belong?
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proteins
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What kind of molecule is ATP?
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nucleotide
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Aerobic respiration
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uses oxygen
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What aerobic step is used by ALL organisms?
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glycolysis
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diffusion
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some things just diffuse. moventment of a substance from high to low concentration
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why do we say that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable?
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it selects what can/cant pass through the membrane
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potential energy
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stored energy
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noncompetitive inhibition
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changes the "lock" shape of the enzyme
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ATP
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all cells use atp to preform work
everything we do is powered by atp |
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which aerobic step produces the most atp?
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electron transport phosph.
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3 main types of passive transport
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diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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what governs the transfer of energy from one body of matter to another?
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the first and second laws of thermodynamics
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What two major components does metabolism consist of?
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acquiring and converting energy
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first law of thermodynamics
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the total amount of energy in the universe is constant
energy cant be destroyed or created |
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concentration gradient
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results form unequal concentration.
high to low=kinetic low to high=requires a ponential energy input |
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where are electron transport chains located?
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they are always embeded in membranes
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what bond is important in ATP
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the bont between the two outermost phosphate
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active transport
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pumping a substance against the gradient.
cells use potential energy |
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Endergonic reactions
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moving things INTO cells; diffusion
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cellular metabolism
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chemical reactions in cells.
endergonic/exergonic |
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what kinds of molecules tend to use facilitated diffusion?
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large, charged, polar items.
sugars, ions, amino acids |
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facilitated diffusion
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things move with the concentration and need help moving through the membrane; cells create a pathway that acts as a doorway
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what is energy
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the ability to preform work/move matter
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redox reactions
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oil rig
oxidation is loss of electrons reduction is gaining of electrons |
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what does glycolysis produce
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2 ATP
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where do alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation occur
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the cytoplasm
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that carry the same genes at the same locations (a pair of chromosomes)
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osmosis
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diffusion of water accross a membrane
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which type of energy is chemical energy
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potential
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how much dna should be in a gamete relative to the amount of dna in a somatic cell
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half as much. 23 chromosomes in a gamete because two come together to form a somatic cell which has 46 chromosomes
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what kinds of molecules tend to use active transport?
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large substances; bulk transport
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what kinds of molecules tend to use diffusion?
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small, nonpolar items
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exergonic reactions
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send things out of cells; active transport
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Interphase makes up what percent of the whole cell cycle?
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90%
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what are the subphases of interphase?
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g1, g2, s
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Anaphase 1
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homologous chromosones seperate; members from pairs are seperated.
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what is crossing over and how does it increase genetic variability
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dna swap pieces; chromosomes are cut and reglued
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the basic formula for photosynthesis
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water+carbon dioxide--> oxygen+glucose+water
(+light) |
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prophase (in the cytoplasm)
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mitotic spindle fibers form
centromers migrate apart sister chromatids are grabbed by the spindle fibers |
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light reactions
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light energy is converted into chemical energy
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3 main types of passive transport
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diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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what governs the transfer of energy from one body of matter to another?
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the first and second laws of thermodynamics
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What two major components does metabolism consist of?
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acquiring and converting energy
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first law of thermodynamics
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the total amount of energy in the universe is constant
energy cant be destroyed or created |
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concentration gradient
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results form unequal concentration.
high to low=kinetic low to high=requires a ponential energy input |
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where are electron transport chains located?
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they are always embeded in membranes
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what bond is important in ATP
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the bont between the two outermost phosphate
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active transport
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pumping a substance against the gradient.
cells use potential energy |
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Endergonic reactions
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moving things INTO cells; diffusion
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cellular metabolism
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chemical reactions in cells.
endergonic/exergonic |
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what are the subphases of interphase?
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g1, g2, s
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what are a few examples of pigments?
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chlorophyll a/b, carotinoid
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calvin cycle
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uses chemical energy to create food molecules
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chromatin
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all nuclear dna
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when does cytokinesis occur
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at the same time as telophase
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light reactions
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light energy is converted into chemical energy
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prophase (in the cytoplasm)
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mitotic spindle fibers form
centromeres migrate apart sister chromatids are grabbed by spindle fibers |
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the basic formula for photosynthesis
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water+carbon dioxide--> oxygen+glucose+water
(+light) |
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what is crossing over and how does it increase genetic variability
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dna swap pieces; chromosomes are cut and reglued
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anaphase 1
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homologous chromosomes are seperated; members from a pair are seperated
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interphase makes up what percent of the whole cell cycle
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90
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what is the purpose of the calvin cycle
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to produce food molecules
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which step of photosynthesis is accomplished via the calvin cycle?
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the building step
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two main parts of the cell cycle
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interphase and the mitotic (M) phase
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what do light reactions produce
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atp, oxygen is released
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sister chromatids in a duplicated chromosome are made up of ______ chromosome(s)
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one
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what happens during g1
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growth and metabolism
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mitosis
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division/distribution of the NUCLEUS and its contents
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prophase (in the nucleus)
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chromatids condense
nucleoli disspear nuclear envelope dissapears |
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what happens during interphase:S
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dna duplicates
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metaphase I
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homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
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how do plants make food
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photosynthesis
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cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm
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why is duplication of chromosomes necessary prior to cell division?
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each new cell also needs all of the previous information
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anaphase
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centromere breaks while the sister chromatids and chromosomes break apart
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metaphase
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chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
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what does the calvin cycle produce?
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glucose
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how is a photon related to light?
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it is a particular form of light; special packet of light energy
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light
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form of radiant energy
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photosynthetic organisms capture photons using ____
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pigments
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what two major things occur during photosynthesis
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conversion, building
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where do light reactions take place
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thylakoid membrane
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what stages make up mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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where does the calvin cycle take place
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stroma
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what does lactic acid fermentation produce
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2atp, lactic acid
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what step of photosynthesis is accomplished via the light reaction?
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the conversion step
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telophase
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opposite of prophase
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what two parts make up the mitotic (m) phase
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mitosis, cytokinesis
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what happens during interphase:g2
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last minute prep before cell division
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do plants use cellular respiration or photosynthesis
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both
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where does mitosis:prophase occur
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nucleus and cytoplasm
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metastasize
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when a tumor spreads by sending cells out to other parts of the body
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slash, burn, poison
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goin in and try to remove cancerous cells
radiation chemo therapy |
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how is cell division regulated?
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controll mechanisms; chemical checkpoints
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benign
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non cancerous tumors that can still be harmful
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which tumors tend to metastasize
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malignant
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the gametes of most animals are ______
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haploid
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cell division is stimulated or depressed by ______
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whether a cell is anchored and whether or not the cell i surrounded by other cells
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tumors
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happen when regulation doesnt work
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why is it good for cells to monitor division
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division out of controll leads to tumors
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telophase II
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the oposite of prophase II
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somatic cells
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carry basic body cells (blood, skin)-->they are diploid and undergo mitosis
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how is cytokinesis different in animals and plants?
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animals=clevage furrow pinches cell
plants=cell plate forms in the middle like a wall |
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fertalization
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random shuffeling of dna by combining information from 2 parents
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diploid
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somatic cells
(2n) two sets of chromosomes |
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malignant
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cancerous cells/tumor
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what do most cells do at checkpoints
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stop until they are told to go
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germ cells
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divide to form gametes; undergo meiosis
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how do chemo/radiation attempt to fight cancer? why is this harmful?
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they attempt to interupt and/or stop cell division; hurts healthy cells too
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most of the somatic cells of animals are ______
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diploid
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`Anaphase II
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sister chromatids seperate
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for each germ cell that undergoes how many daughter cells are produced
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4 haploid daughter cells that are GENETICALLY DISTINCT
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Prophase II
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the same as mitotic prophase
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Telophase I
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nuclear envelope may/may not reappear
cytokinesis occurs change from diploid to haploid |
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Prophase I
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most complex phase
same as mitotic plus SYNAPSIS AND CROSSING OVER |
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metaphase II
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chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
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what is synapsis, when/why does it occur.
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pairing up of homologous chromosomes in prophase I so that crossing over may occur
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what is the purpose of meiosis
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to produce gametes
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independent orientation of chromosomes?
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another way that dna is shuffled
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give an example of each energy transformation
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photosynthesis=kinetic to potential
cellular energy(running) potential to kinetic |
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basic structure of plasma membrane
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phospholipid bilayer that determines what may pass through the membrane
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why is ATP cellular money
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because it is recycled/ used by all cells (currency is used by all people) to preform work
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is inhibition always a bad thing
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no, it can act as an on off switch for the enzyme
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nondisjunction
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occurs when seperation fails in anaphase I or II
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aneuploidy
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+/-1 chromosomes
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asexual reporduction costs
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no ginetic variability
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autosome aneuploidy
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usually fatal; one exception is down syndrome...extry of #21
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two ways nondisjunction effects sister chromatids
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either 1/2 gametes have the wrong number or chromosomes or all of them have the wrong number.
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sex chromosome aneuploidy
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usually survivable
klienfelter syndrom=xxy turner syndrome=X |
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asexual reproduction benefits
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low energy costs
clones-->stable enviornment |
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sexual reproduction benefits
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increases genetic variability
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are cells at high density?
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in normal conditions yes, they feel neighbors around them
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meiosis I
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diploid to haploid
dna is shuffled |
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during what cell division does the number of chromosomes change
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meiosis I
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which division is almost exactly like mitosis
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meiosis II
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sexual reproduction costs
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high energy costs
destroys adaptive combos |
