Biology Exam #2

Front 1

codon

Back 1

messenger RNA triplets
(sequences of three bases in mRNA of the protein. There are also start and stop codongs that signal the beginning and end of protien synthesis. )

Front 2

translation

Back 2

making mRNA into protien
(the process whereby the sequence of bases of messender RNA is converted into sequence of amino acids of a protien.

Front 3

transcription

Back 3

making DNA into RNA
(the synthesis of RNA molecule from a DNA template. All types of RNA are transcribed from DNA)

Front 4

role of mRNA

Back 4

transfer infomation from DNA into proteins
(carry infomation from the nucleus to the ribosomes about the sequence of amino acids in the protein to be manufactured)

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Interphase G1

Back 5

cell growth before duplication

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Interphase G2

Back 6

growth after duplication

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Interphase S

Back 7

chromosomes replicated or duplication

Front 8

Cytokinesis

Back 8

division in cytoplasm
(the cytoplasm is split into two daughter cells, each recieving one of the newly formed nuclei and roughly equal amounts of cytoplasm)

Front 9

Centromere

Back 9

a place where the sister chromatids re attached to each other

Front 10

Kinetochore

Back 10

protien located in the central of the chromosomes, attaches the spindle so the chromosomes can move toward the two sides

Front 11

sister chromatids

Back 11

duplication of chromosomes / occurs in meiosis II
(each chromatid is a single DNA of the original chromosomes before replication. During cell division the two sister chromatids separate with each chromatid becoming an independent daughter chromosomes)

Front 12

centriole

Back 12

in animals each microtubule organizing center contains a pair of centrioles

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Dominant allele

Back 13

masks the expression of the recessive gene: the expressed gene

Front 14

Recessive allele

Back 14

only expressed in homozygotes and which is completely masked in heterozygotes

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Heterozygous

Back 15

different pairs
EX: Aa

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Homozygous

Back 16

carrying two copies of the same allele in a given gene : EX: AA and aa

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genotype

Back 17

inside the cell, the combination of all alleles

Front 18

phenotype

Back 18

physical makeup which you can see (morphological expression of the gene)

Front 19

polymerase chain reaction

Back 19

amplifies DNA, makes several copies of DNA

Front 20

genetic drift

Back 20

the result of natural selection and mutations, you have an inheritance of acquired characters as a result
(two important points : tends to reduce genetic variability within a small population. tends to increase genetic variability between populations

Front 21

natural selection

Back 21

tends to favor favorable characters to allow adaptations of species

(1.Does not cause genetic changes in individuals
2. befalls individuals, evolution occurs in populations
3. evolution is a change in the allele frequencies in the population owning to differential reproduction among organisms bearning different alleles

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Population in equilibrium

Back 22

populatioin is set to evolve if it has no allele frequencies
- A population is to be isolated as well when there is no gene flow

Front 23

Cause for evolutionary change

Back 23

natural selection, genetic drift

Front 24

mutations

Back 24

can be good, can be caused, cannot control what will be the outcome

Front 25

allopatric speciation

Back 25

geographical separation

Front 26

symptric speciation

Back 26

there are different environments, for example air and land

Front 27

use of plasmid and their replication

Back 27

replication independently from chromosomes, Used to Transfer DNA

Front 28

DNA recombiation

Back 28

occurs in nature through sexual reproduction, bacterian transformation, viral infection, viral transfer

Front 29

RFLP or Restriction Fragment Polymorphism

Back 29

an enzyme which cuts the DNA in several lengths

Front 30

First Recombinant Drug

Back 30

Humulin, human insulin

Front 31

Transfer of DNA molecule in Transgenic organism

Back 31

scientists use virus, bacteria and plasmids (inside bacteria) to transfer the DNA

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Forensic biotechnology

Back 32

used for identifying criminals and victims

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Transgenic

Back 33

has foreign DNA introduced into its gene

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Phylogeny

Back 34

takes into consideration of the evolutionary history of the organism, as a priority

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Systematics

Back 35

a classification of any organism

Front 36

Correct spelling of a scientific name

Back 36

the Genus name must start with a capital letter, the species name is in lower case / they must either be italicized or underlined

Front 37

Bt toxin

Back 37

not toxic to humans or plants, however it is toxic to several organisms,
made by bacterium, used in botox

Front 38

Identification and separation of DNA segment

Back 38

Gel Electrophoresis is the main component,
Primer, PCR, and Thermocycler are just tools which aid in this process

Front 39

Sequence of nitrogen-containing bases or nucleotides

Back 39

U,A,T,G,C - all nucleotides
DNA- ATGC RNA- AUGC

Front 40

Bases in DNA and RNA

Back 40

RNA- U DNA-T

Front 41

Classification

Back 41

the largest group is kingdom
the smallest group is species

Front 42

Characteristics of plant cell division

Back 42

there are no centrioles in animal cells, plant cells create a cell plate doewn the middle of the cell

Front 43

Similarities of DNA and RNA

Back 43

both have a similar phosphate group

Front 44

Translation

Back 44

mRNA into protien

Front 45

Transcription

Back 45

DNA into mRNA