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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Label all of these on heads
dorsal ventral lateral medial anterior posterior
and draw these types of heads transverse plane sagital plane horizontal plane |
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hypo |
under |
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nervous system breakdown |
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Central Nervous System |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
contains the somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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Somatic Nervous system |
Consists of axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Gray Matter |
inside spinal chord; dendrites and soma |
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White Matter |
Outside spinal chord; myelinated axons |
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nucleus (CNS) |
a cluster of neurons inside the CNS |
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Ganglion |
a cluster of neurons outside the CNS |
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Dorsal Root Ganglia |
Cluster of sensory neurons outside spinal cord |
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afferent/efferent nerves
location |
afferent nerves = sensory nerves = dorsal horn efferent nerves = motor nerves = ventral horn afferent + efferent nerves = spinal nerve
Dorsal-Afferent Ventral-Efferent = DAVE’s spine
sensory outside spinal cord motor inside spinal cord
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pons
other name |
(metencephalon)
means bridge |
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contralateral |
when connected from different side |
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ipsilateral |
when connected on the same side |
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Cranial nerves |
nerves that originate from cranial area |
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medulla
other name |
myelencephalon
vital functions |
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7th cranial nerve |
has to do with facial muscles |
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bell's palsy |
paralysis on one side of face
more common after birth |
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cranial nerve #10
other name |
vagus nerve
wandering nerve; goes everywhere |
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raphe nucleus |
cluster of neurons (nuclei) |
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hindbrain other name components |
rhombencephalon
medulla pons cerebellum |
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cerebellum other name |
metencephalon
involved with coordination |
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midbrain other name components |
mesencephalon
tectum on dorsal side tegmentum on ventral side |
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tectum |
composed of
superior coliculi involved with vision
inferior coliculi basic auditory function |
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tegmentum components |
contains periaqueductal gray
substantia nigra
red nucleus
3rd and 4th cranial nerves |
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periaqueductal gray |
in tegmentum
surrounds spinal fluid involved with pain regulation |
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substantia nigra |
in tegmentum
dopamine producing neurons motor movement
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red nucleus |
in tegmentum
deals with motor movement |
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connections between cerebral hemispheres |
corpus callosum (main connection) anterior commissure massa intermedia (connects 2 thalami) |
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cerebral cortex |
layered highest level of processing |
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basal ganglia parts what it does |
complex motor movements
caudate nucleus putamen globus palidus |
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limbic system parts what it does |
motivation and emotion
olfactory bulb hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala cingulate gyrus (part of cerebral cortex)
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forebrain parts, other name |
prosencephalon
basal ganglia limbic system cerebral cortex
divided into diencephalon telencephalon |
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diencephalon |
part of forebrain towards medial area
contains thalamus, hypothalamus |
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thalamus |
sensory relay station
all sensory info besides olfactory system goes here to be analyzed first before going to primary corticol areas to be more thoroughly analyzed
motivational behavior
4f's |
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hypothalamus |
bosses around pituitary and tells it to release hormones
divided into clusters of nuclei |
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telencephalon |
part of forebrain
contains pituitary, basal forebrain, hippocampus |
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basal forebrain |
cluster of neurons that creates acetylcholine |
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hippocampus |
involved with memory |
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ventricles (ventricular system) |
hollow area with cerebral spinal fluid
4 of them
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what creates spinal fluid? |
choroid plexus cells in the ventricular system |
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how is spinal fluid recycled? |
enters arachnoid circulation diffuses into blood system pee it out |
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hydrocyvalis |
disease where spinal fluid does not exit head caused by obstruction in spinal fluid circulation |
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meninges parts |
protective covering around brain, made up of:
dura mater (hard covering)
arachnoid membrane (spongy; spinal fluid fills up here)
pia mater (soft, many blood vessels |
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cerebral cotex parts |
frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe |
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frontal lobe |
contains primary motor cortex prefrontal lobe
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prefrontal lobe |
planning actions use of logic use of working memory doesn't fully mature until later teens |
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parietal lobe |
houses primary somatosensory cortex
primary somatosensory cortex: involved with basic processing of touch information
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occipital lobe other name |
Striate cortex
basic vision analysis most of it is within grooves of brain; calcarine fissure is deepest groove
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cortical blindness |
blindness resulting from damage of occipital lobe |
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temporal lobe |
upper part analyzes auditory in sophisticated ways
bottom part analyzes vision in sophisticated ways
emotions, motivational behaviors |
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kluver bucy syndrome |
characterized by loss of fear and mating with weird sh1t;
caused by damage of temporal lobe |
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Brain imaging techniques
recording brain activity techniques |
Imaging:
CT scan MRI
Recording Activity:
EEG MEG PET scan fMRI
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MRI scan |
turn on magnet affects hydrogen put in energy source hydrogen absorbs energy hydrogen releases energy detectors detect energy
detectors make picture
best resolution
expensive |
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EEG (Electroencephalograph) |
put electrodes on brain those electrodes measure average activity of cells under them |
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evoked potential |
EEG in response to stimulus |
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MEG (magnetoencephalography) |
creates picture of how magnetic fields are changing with brain
can show changing brain activity over time
functional and structural information |
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PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
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person drinks glucose tagged with radioactive substance active brain areas suck up glucose radioactive substance decays positron released comes into contact with electron and is anihilated 2 gamma photons shoot out from each collision computer detects gamma rays gives an image to show which areas of brain are most active
exposed to radiation expensive to create cyclotron
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fMRI |
which brain areas are sucking up most oxygen?
deoxygenated blood acts differently in magnetic field
computer creates image where most activated areas are
functional and structural information |
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quasai experiment |
compare people who have and don't have brain damage
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stereotaxic aparatus |
keeps head steady/still while doing surgery |
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bregma |
area where skull plates come together
can see under skin
can find brain parts from there |
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lesion |
causing brain damage
can do this with:
asperation (sucking up brain tissue)
electrolytic lesion (electrode to burn)
kainic acid (overstimulates and kills)
6-HD (selectively kills certain neurons related to DA and NE |
