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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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characteristics of living things (How many?) |
There are seven characteristics -Organized -Use materials and energy -Reproduce -Grow and Develop -Respond to stimuli -Homeostasis -Adaptation |
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Order of classifications
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
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Scientific Process
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-Hypothesis -Experimentation (and further obs.) -Data -Conclusion |
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Epithelial Tissue
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Simple Squamous- tiny flat (skin) Pseudo-stratified- cilia (trachea) |
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Connective Tissue
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Muscular Tissue |
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Nervous Tissue |
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What are they? |
10, Integumentary Digestive Cardiovascular Lymphatic & Immune Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine |
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Experimental Variable |
Variable that is purposely changed/manipulated
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Test Group |
Group of subjects exposed to experimental variable
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Control Group
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For comparison, NOT EXPOSED to experimental variable. |
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Functions of Integumentary System (4) |
Protects body Receives sensory input Control temp. Synthesize vitamin D EXAMPLE: Skin |
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Functions of Cardiovascular System (3) |
Transport blood, nutrients, gasses, and wastes Defends against disease Helps control temp, fluid, and PH balance |
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Functions of Lymphatic System
(3) |
Control fluid balance Absorb fats Defend against infection |
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Functions of Digestive System
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Digest Absorb nutrients Eliminate waste |
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Functions of Skeletal System
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Produce blood cells |
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Homeostasis Definition
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Negative Feedback Related to..? |
Related to... Homeostasis **Most body processes -Body temp -Blood pressure -Blood sugar |
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Positive Feedback Related to..? |
-Blood clotting -Milk secretion |
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Acute (Definition)
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Develops rapidly, often severe. (Short course) |
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Chronic (Definition)
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Latent (Definition) |
Appears, disappears, and reappears again over time. |
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Etiology (Definition) |
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Related to..? |
Related to... Etiology The disease rate occurrence |
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Related to..? |
Death rate due to a particular disease |
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Epidemiology (Definition)
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Communicable (Definition)
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Related to..? |
ALWAYS present in CERTAIN geographic location |
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Epidemic ( Definition) Related to..? |
SPREAD from CERTAIN geographic location to another |
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Related to..? |
Related to... Epidemiology & Communicable Disease BROADLY SPREAD over LOTS of geography |
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Non-Communicable (Definition)
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Localized Infection
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Confined to a specific area of the body |
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Systematic Infection |
Widely spread throughout the body (carried by bloodstream)
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PRO-Karyotic Cells |
-Bacteria -Archaea |
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Features of Prokaryotic Cells (4) |
-Cell wall -Plasma membrane -Ribosomes -Nucleoid (DNA only)
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Ribosome (Function)
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Cytoplasm |
where ribosomes are found |
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Flagella |
EXAMPLE: Sperm Bacteria has this to move through the material they are in |
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EU-karyotic Cell |
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All cells share.... (3) and one not listed |
-Plasma membrane -Nucleus -Ribosomes
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Coccus Cells- Shape
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Staphacoccal Disease |
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Vibrio Cells- Shape
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Bacillus- Shape |
Pill shaped |
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Sprillum- Shape
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Squiggly Shape |
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Spirochete- Shape |
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Cells that require oxygen in their environment to grow
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Aerobe |
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Cells that require NO oxygen in their environment to grow.
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How does bacteria reproduce? |
Duplicates and divides
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Binary Fission |
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Where is E. Coli NATURALLY found?
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Ways to contract E. Coli
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-Geography of body genitalia (UTI's) -Cow's large intestine (HUS) deadly & Difficult to treat\ |
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Hemolytic-Uremic-Syndrome HUS Related to..? |
-Deadly & Difficult to treat -Systemic bacterial infection -Large intestine of cows Related to... E. coli |
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Where is staph commonly contracted?
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Hospitals (nosocomial) |
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Methicillin resistant staph which requires more intense antibiotics
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MRSA |
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-produces exotoxins from cells -effects in 1-6 hours -fast onset/resolves quickly Food is cooked, THEN handled & contaminated, THEN held at room temp |
Staph food poisoning |
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Which cells are affected by salmonella?
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Intestinal cells |
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Which type of food poisoning has -12-36 hour incubation period -From meat, poultry, and eggs -Causes typhoid fever |
Salmonella food poisoning |
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Foodborne illness -Blue Bunny case & packaged salads -Onset within a few days-2 months -Fever, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea |
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Impetigo, Necrotizing fasciitis, and strep throat are all what kinds of infections?
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Type of strep infection that is extremely contagious. Usually found in children and characterized by crusty rings. Is this deadly? |
Not usually. |
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Which type of strep infection is flesh-eating? Is this deadly? |
Necrotizing Fasciitis Yes, extremely. |
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Infection characterized by a bright-red throat caused by bursting blood-cells. |
Strep Throat |
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Pneumoniae |
Respiratory disease in children |
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Yersinia Pestis |
Plague |
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How did people contract the plague?
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Rodents, flea bites, dead bodies. |
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Which plague is found in the lymphatic system, when left untreated kills 50-75% of all its victims?
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(50% with treatment!) |
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Which type of plague is 100% lethal?
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Pneumonic Plague |
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Are viruses living? |
Technically, no. because they can not reproduce without a host |
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What causes 50% of common colds?
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Rhinoviruses |
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Which type of viral infection is common in children but deadly to elders? |
RSV |
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Group of infections caused by respiratory illnesses |
Influenza |
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Types of influenza
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-Seasonal -H1-N1 (swine flu) |
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Virus characterized by skin rash, and fever which is highly contagious |
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Infection of the salivary glands
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Viral infection characterized by widespread raised rash
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Rubella |
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African endemic disease in Africa characterized by bleeding beneath the skin
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Ebola Virus |
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Infectious non-living protein found in CNS
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Prions |
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Scrapie, mad-cow, and chronic waste disease are all which kinds of diseases?
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Animal diseases |
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Scrapie disease is found where? |
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BSE puts holes in the brain |
Mad-cow disease |
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Kuru, creutz-jakob disease, and variant creutz-jakob disease are all diseases found in...?
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Humans |
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Found in isolated populations, associated with ingesting infected human brain tissue. |
Kuru |
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Creutz-Jakob disease is found where?
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Eastern Europe, is very rare |
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What are eukaryotic pathogens? |
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Characteristics of protozoans are... (3) |
-single cell -eukaryotic -relatively large |
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Amoebic Dyentery and malaria are types of what kind of disease? |
Protozoan disease |
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Disease common in times of war due to sanitation |
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Disease found in tropical climates, spread by vectors that carry RBCs. Ranges from mild to fatal with flu-like symptoms. |
Malaria |
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How do fungi reproduce? |
by spores
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Ringworm, candidiasis, and histoplasmosis are all examples of what kind of pathogen?
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Fungal |
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Fungal infection characterized by milky white patch on mouth and throat |
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Infection found in "areas where fungal infections are common". In the lungs, causes no symptoms unless you have a compromised immune system
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Histoplasmosis |
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Ascarisis, trichinosis, and river-blindness are all caused by... |
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Female reproduces egg in the intestines, spread by fecal matter.
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Ascarisis |
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Cysts in uncooked pork |
Trichinosis |
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Spread by black-fly. come in contact with rivers. infect your eyes |
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Dengue disease, yellow fever, and hepatitis are all associated with...
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Travel diseases |
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Viral infection ENDEMIC to Caribbean. characterized by fever. when it is hemmoragic, it is almost always fatal. HOWEVER most cases are not hemmoragic. (severe muscle aches, great bone fever) |
Dengue Disease |
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Viral infection spread by mosquitos causing flu-like symptoms. 20% mortality rate
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Yellow fever |
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characterized by inflammation of liver and causes jaundice
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Hepatitis |
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Sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation are all ways to try to do what?
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Reduce pathogens |
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Completely destroys all pathogens
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Sterilization |
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Greatly reduces the number of pathogens
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Disinfectant |
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Slightly reduce bacteria
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Sanitation |
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Used on living organisms to reduce pathogens |
antiseptics |
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Phenols, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, surfactants, food preservatives, and oxidizing agents are all types of what?
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Creates a film, will continue killing bacteria EX. Lysol |
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Kill bacteria and some viruses EX. Chlorine/bleach |
Halogens |
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REALLY effective at killing bacteria and some viruses, better at a lower % of concentration. |
Alcohols |
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Made in alcohol solution, antiseptic that is really effective at killing bacteria. EX. Silver and mercury compounds |
Heavy metals |
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applied to wet surfaces to get germs off but not kill. EX. Soap |
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Prevent mold growth in food
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Food preservatives
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EX. Hydrogen peroxide |
Oxidizing Agents
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Heat and cold in controlling growth of pathogens
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Controls but DOES NOT stop growth... only slows down |
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Putting a cell in a solution where the solution pulls water out of the cell. |
Osmotic pressure
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-Phospholipid bilayer -Embedded with proteins that move in space -contains cholesterol for support -contains carbohydrates on proteins and lipids -selectively permeable ARE all characteristics of what? |
Characteristics of plasma membranes |
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Moves from greater concentration to lesser concentration. Movement across what? |
Movement across plasma membrane |
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A diffusion movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from greatest to lesser concentration.
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Osmosis |
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More solution than inside cell leads to bursting (lysis) |
Hypotonic |
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More solute leads to shriveling
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Hypertonic |
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Equal solution in solute and cell |
Isotonic |
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How pathogens are transmitted
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Direct contact with an infected person
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Person to person spread
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Infected soil or foodborne illness |
Environmental transmission spread |
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transported by mosquitos and insects
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Vector transmission spread |
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Organs in Lymphatic system (4)
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Lymph-nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen |
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Organ that gets large amounts of blood-flow, filters blood, gets rid of bacteria |
spleen |
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clean lymph, filter out bacteria |
lymph node |
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Organ on top of heart where RBCs mature
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thymus |
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Automatic general response to infection |
Inflammatory |
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Specific response to infection
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Adaptive |
