Biology Exam #1

Front 1

Prokaryotic Cells have a diameter of...

Back 1

1 - 5 um

Front 2

Eukaryotic Cells have a diameter of...

Back 2

10 - 100 um

Front 3

Disease Causing Agents

Back 3

Pathogens

Front 4

True or False??

More Prokaryotes live in your mouth than the total number of humans that have ever lived

Back 4

True

Front 5

Most bacteria on our bodies are...

Back 5

benign or beneficial

Front 6

Present day Archaea and Eukarya evolved from...

Back 6

a common ancestor

Front 7

A Polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

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Peptidoglycan

Front 8

Coccus/Cocci

Back 8

Sphere Shaped

Front 9

Bacilli/Bacillus

Back 9

Rod Shaped

Front 10

Spirilum/Spirochete

Back 10

Spiral Shaped

Front 11

Prokaryotic Cell Walls maintain _____, provide physical ______, and prevent the cell from bursting in a _______ environment.

Back 11

Shape, Protection, Hypotonic

Front 12

Thick Layer of Peptidoglycan

Back 12

Gram Positive Stain

Front 13

Less Peptidoglycan, more complex, outer membrane that contains Lipids bonded to carbohydrates

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Gram Negative Stain

Front 14

Outside of cell wall, allows adherence and more protection, content can vary by group and species

Back 14

Capsule

Front 15

Join prokaryotes during conjugation, also called conjugation tubes

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Sex Pili

Front 16

Prokaryotic flagella are _____ to eukaryotic flagella

Back 16

analogous

Front 17

Absorbs water and resumes growth, sometimes after centuries

Back 17

Endospores

Front 18

Infoldings of the plasma membrane...

Back 18

increase surface area

Front 19

Where is cellular respiration carried out in a eukaryote?

Back 19

Mitochondria

Front 20

Where is photosynthesis carried out in a photosynthetic eukaryote?

Back 20

Chloroplasts

Front 21

Includes plants, some prokaryotes, and protists, obtain their carbon atoms from carbon dioxide

Back 21

Autotrophs

Front 22

Most prokaryotes , as well as animals, fungi, and some protists, obtain their carbon atoms from ogrnanic compounds

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Heterotrophs

Front 23

Harness sunlight for energy and use CO2 for carbon

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Photoautotrophs

Front 24

Obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic sources

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Photoheterotrophs

Front 25

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon from CO2 to make organic molecules, group includes sulfur bacteria that inhabit deep sea vents, and soil bacteria that are important to recycling nitrogen.

Back 25

Chemoautotrophs

Front 26

Get energy from both energy and carbon from organic molecules, are by far the largest and most diverse group of prokaryotes

Back 26

Chemoheterotrophs

Front 27

Surface coating colonies, may include one species or several different species. ie. Placue

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Biofilms

Front 28

group of archaea, salt lovers, thrive in very salty places, produces very extreme colors

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Extreme Halophiles

Front 29

group of archaea, heat lovers, thrive in very hot water,

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Extreme Thermophiles

Front 30

group of archaea, live in anaerobic environments and give off methane as a waste product

Back 30

Methanogens

Front 31

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water

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Bioremediation

Front 32

Diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

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Protists

Front 33

protists that are autotrophic, produce their food by photosynthesis

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Algae

Front 34

Heterotrophic eating bacteria and other protists

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Protozoans

Front 35

Close association between organisms of two or more species

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Symbiosis

Front 36

One species living within another

Back 36

Endosymbiosis

Front 37

Two major groups of angiosperms?

Back 37

Monocots and Eudicots

Front 38

Flowering Plant

Back 38

Angiosperm

Front 39

Embryonic Leaves or Seed Leaves...

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Cotyledons

Front 40

One seed leaf

Back 40

Monocot

Front 41

Two Seed Leaves

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Dicot

Front 42

One cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular bundles in complex arrangement, floral parts usually in multiples of three, fibrous root system

Back 42

Monocots

Front 43

Two cotelydons, veins usually branced, vascular bundles arranged in ring, floral parts usually in multiples of four or five, taproot usually present

Back 43

Eudicots

Front 44

Consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

Back 44

Organ

Front 45

True or False

Roots and Shoots can survive without each other.

Back 45

False

Front 46

Stems and Leaves depend on?

Back 46

Water and Minerals absorbed by roots

Front 47

Anchors plant in the soil, absorbs and transports minerals and water, stores food.

Back 47

Root System

Front 48

Increase the root surface area or absorption of water and minerals

Back 48

Root Hairs

Front 49

Made up of stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction

Back 49

Shoot System

Front 50

Parts of the plant that are generally above the ground and that support the leaves and flowers

Back 50

Stems

Front 51

The points at which leaves are attached

Back 51

Nodes

Front 52

Portions of the stem between the nodes

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Internodes

Front 53

Main photosynthetic organs in most plants

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Leaves

Front 54

Located at the apex of the stem, has developing leaves, and a compact series of nodes and internodes

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Terminal Bud

Front 55

In each of the angles formed by a leaf and the stem, usually dormant

Back 55

Axillary Bud

Front 56

When the terminal bud produces hormones that inhibit growth of the axillary buds

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Apical Dominance

Front 57

Grows along the ground surface, enable a plant to reproduce asexually because of the plantlets that form at nodes along their lengths

Back 57

Stolon (runners)

Front 58

Horizontal stems that grow just below or along the soil surface, store food, can also spread and form new plants because they have buds

Back 58

Rhizomes

Front 59

Located at the end of Rhizomes, we often eat them, specialized for storage

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Tubers

Front 60

Help plants climb, some can be modified stems

Back 60

Tendrils

Front 61

Group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

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Tissue

Front 62

Consists of one or more tissues organized into a functional unit within a plant. Consist of Dermal, Vascular, and Ground

Back 62

Tissue System

Front 63

Forms an outer protective covering, acts as the first line of defense against physical damage and infectious organisms. Consists of an epidermis, and cuticle

Back 63

Dermal Tissue System

Front 64

Single layer of tightly packed cells

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Epidermis

Front 65

Waxy Coating, helps prevent water loss

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Cuticle

Front 66

Made up of Xylem and Phloem Tissues and provides support and long-distance transport

Back 66

Vascular Tissue System

Front 67

Neither Dermal or Vascular, accounts for most of the bulk of a young plant, filling the spaces between the epidermis and the vascular tissue system

Back 67

Ground Tissue System

Front 68

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

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Pith

Front 69

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

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Cortex

Front 70

Where Xylem Cells raduate rom the center like spokes of a wheel and phloem cells fill in the wedges between the spokes

Back 70

Vascular Cylinder

Front 71

innermost layer of the cortex, cylinder one cell thick, selective barrier determining which substances pass between the rest of the cortex and the vascular tissue

Back 71

Endodermis

Front 72

Allow CO2 exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the lea

Back 72

Stomata

Front 73

Regulate the size of the stoma

Back 73

Guard Cells

Front 74

Ground tissue system of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis, consists mainly of photosynthetic perenchyma cells

Back 74

Mesophyll

Front 75

Channels of communication and circulation between adjacent plant cells

Back 75

Plasmodesmata

Front 76

The most abundant type of cells in most plants, remain alive when mature, usually have only primary cell walls that are thin and flexible, perform most of the metabolic functions of a plant, can divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells under certain conditions

Back 76

Parenchyma Cells

Front 77

Lack secondary cell walls, unevenly thickened primary walls, main function is to provide flexible support in parts of plants that are still growing, elongate as stems and leaves grow

Back 77

Collenchyma Cells

Front 78

Thick secondary cell walls usually strenghtened with lignen, mature cells can not elongate, occur in regions of the plant that have stopped growing in length, when mature most cells are dead and cell walls form a rigid skeleton that supports the plant

Back 78

Sclerenchyma Cells

Front 79

Long and Slender and usually arranged in bundles

Back 79

Fiber

Front 80

Shorter than fiber cells, have thick, irregular, and very hard secondary walls

Back 80

Sclereids

Front 81

Water-Conducting Cells

Back 81

Tracheids, and Vessel Elements

Front 82

Long, Thin cell walls with tapered ends

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Tracheids

Front 83

Wider, shorter, and less tapered

Back 83

Vessel Elements

Front 84

Food-Conducting cells are also known as....

Back 84

Sieve-tube members

Front 85

Remain alive at maturity, lose most organelle

Back 85

Sieve-Tube members

Front 86

Have pores that allow fluid to flow from cell to cell along the sieve tube

Back 86

Sieve Tube

Front 87

Connected to the sieve-tube member by numerous plasmodesmata

Back 87

Companion Cells

Front 88

Contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Back 88

Xylem

Front 89

Contains sieve-tube members that transport sugars from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant

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Phloem

Front 90

Most species of plants grow as long as they live, this is called....

Back 90

Indeterminate growth

Front 91

Most animals stop growing after they reach a certain size, some plants also

Back 91

Determinate growth

Front 92

Complete their life cycles in a single year or less (includes grains)

Back 92

Annuals

Front 93

Complete their life cycles in two years, flowering usually occurs in the second year (Carrots)

Back 93

Biennials

Front 94

Plants that live and reproduce for many years (trees, shrubs, some grasses)

Back 94

Perennials

Front 95

Consists of cells that divide constantly, generating additional cells

Back 95

Meristems

Front 96

Meristems at the tips of roots and at the buds of shoots

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Apical Meristems

Front 97

Cell divison in the apical meristems produces the new cells that enable a plant to grow in length. This process is called?

Back 97

Primary Growth

Front 98

Covers root-tip, protects delicate, actively dividing cells of the apical meristems

Back 98

Root Cap

Front 99

Growth in lengths occurs...

Back 99

Just behind the root tip

Front 100

Three Zones of cells are the...

Back 100

Zone of Cell Division, Zone of Elongation, Zone of Maturation

Front 101

Cells of the vascular cylinder differentiate into...

Back 101

Primary Xylem, and Primary Phloem

Front 102

The increase in thickness of stems and roots is called...

Back 102

Secondary Growth

Front 103

Dividing cells, arranged into two cylinders, know as vascular cambium and cork cambium

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Lateral Meristems

Front 104

Cylinder of meristems one cell thick between the primary xylem an dprimary phloem

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Vascular Cambium

Front 105

Vascular Cambium gives rise to two new tissues....

Back 105

Secondary Xylem, Secondary Phloem

Front 106

Science of analyzing tree ring growth patterns

Back 106

Dendrochronology

Front 107

Cork is produced by meristematic tissues called the...

Back 107

Cork Cambium

Front 108

Everything external to the Vascular Cambium is called...

Back 108

Bark

Front 109

Consist of Parenchyma cells that transport water and nutrients, store starch and other organic nutrients, and aid wound repair

Back 109

Wood Rays

Front 110

In the center of the trunk, consists of older layers of secondary xylem, cells no longer transport water and minerals, clogged with resins and other metabolic by-products that make this resistant to rotting

Back 110

Heartwood

Front 111

Consists of younger secondary xylem that does conduct xylem sap

Back 111

Sapwood

Front 112

Enclose and protect the flower bud, usually green and more leaflike than the other floral organs

Back 112

Sepals

Front 113

Often colorful and advertise the flowers to pollinators

Back 113

Petals

Front 114

Reproductive organs, containing sperm and eggs, respectively

Back 114

Stamens and Carpels

Front 115

Consists of a stalk (filament) tipped by an anther

Back 115

Stamen

Front 116

Sacs in which meiosis occurs and in which pollen is produced, pollen grains house the cells that develop into sperm

Back 116

Anther

Front 117

Has a long slender (style) with a sticky stigma at its tip

Back 117

Carpel

Front 118

Landing platform for pollen

Back 118

Stigma

Front 119

Base of the carpel

Back 119

Ovary

Front 120

Inside of the Ovary, each containing a developing egg and supporting cells

Back 120

Ovules

Front 121

Sometimes used to refer to a single carpel or a group of fused carpels

Back 121

Pistil

Front 122

Begins to grow

Back 122

Germinates

Front 123

Anther and Filament

Back 123

Stamen

Front 124

Ovary, Style, Stigma

Back 124

Carpel

Front 125

Diploid plant body is called the...

Back 125

Sporophyte

Front 126

The plants haploid generation is called the...

Back 126

Gametophyte

Front 127

Multicellular structure produced when the surviving spore enlarges and divides mitotically

Back 127

Embryo Sac

Front 128

The first step leading to fertilization, the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Back 128

Pollination

Front 129

Food-Storing Tissue

Back 129

Endosperm

Front 130

The union of two sperm with two different nuclei of the embryo sac

Back 130

Double Fertilization

Front 131

Seed loses maost of its water at maturation and forms this...

Back 131

Seed Coat

Front 132

A condition in which growth and development are suspended temporarily, important evolutionaryy adaptation

Back 132

Seed Dormancy

Front 133

Specialized vessel that houses and protects seeds and helps disperse them rom the parent plant

Back 133

Fruit

Front 134

Usually begins when the seed takes up water

Back 134

Germination

Front 135

Belong to a lineage of green algae

Back 135

Charophyte

Front 136

Growth producing regions of cell division...

Back 136

Apical Meristems

Front 137

A network of thick-walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body

Back 137

Vascular Tissue

Front 138

Structure that consist of protective jackets of cells surrounding the gamete producing cells

Back 138

Gametangia

Front 139

Structure that contain the sperm-producing cells

Back 139

Pollen Grains

Front 140

Common with all plants, emrbyo still attached to plant

Back 140

Embryophytes

Front 141

Spores with protective structures, in diploid generation

Back 141

Sporangia

Front 142

Cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell

Back 142

Spore

Front 143

Nonvascular, resemble other plants in having apical meristems and embryos retained on parent plant, lack true roots and leaves

Back 143

Bryophytes

Front 144

Seedless vascular plants, seed plants

Back 144

Vascular Plants

Front 145

Consists of an embryo packed with a food supply within a protective covering

Back 145

Seed

Front 146

Among the earliest seed plants, seeds not protected in specialized chambers, largest clade is conifers

Back 146

Gymnosperms

Front 147

Flowering plants, develop seeds within protective ovaries, majority of plants

Back 147

Angiosperms

Front 148

Diploid and haploid stages are distinct, multicellular bodies

Back 148

Alternation of Generations

Front 149

Haploid generation of a plant that produces gametes

Back 149

Gametophyte

Front 150

Diploid generation that produces spores

Back 150

Sporophyte

Front 151

Mosses are the only plants with a dominant _______

Back 151

Gametophyte

Front 152

Ferns like most plants have a dominant _________

Back 152

Sporophyte

Front 153

The process, in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist...

Back 153

Secondary Symbiosis

Front 154

Color comes from an accessory pigment that masks the green of chlorpohyll

Back 154

Red Algae

Front 155

Named for their grass green chloroplasts

Back 155

Green-Algae