Biology Exam 1

Front 1

what are the trends in evolution of the nervous system

Back 1

1. increase in number of nerve cells
2. concentration of nerve cells--> brain
3. specialization of function
4. increased complexity
5. cephalization at the anterior end of organism

Front 2

what are the components of the vertebra central nervous system?

Back 2

1. brain
2. dorsal spinal cord inside a vertebral column

Front 3

what are the components of a peripheral nervous system?

Back 3

1. sensory receptors
2. nerves

Front 4

how many nerves are in the spinal cord and what is their orientation?

Back 4

31 pairs of nerves that originate from the spine innervate the entire body

Front 5

how many cranial nerves are there and what is their orientation

Back 5

12 pairs of nerves that originate from the hind part of the brain and innervate the head and upper body

Front 6

what kind of stimulus does the somatic nervous system sense?

Back 6

stimuli from the outside environment

Front 7

what are the components of the somatic nervous system?

Back 7

1. sensory receptors
2. afferent neurons
3. efferent neurons(skeletal muscles)

Front 8

what are some of the functions that the somatic nervous system controls?

Back 8

voluntary movements and involuntary reflexes

Front 9

what stimuli doe the autonomic nervous system detect?

Back 9

stimuli from the internal environment
-non-conscious control

Front 10

what are the components of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 10

1. receptors
2. afferent neurons
3. efferent neurons(glands and smooth cardiac muscles)

Front 11

what is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 11

coordinates and controls the systems that are not under conscious control
--heartbeat
--breathing

Front 12

what are the two types of efferent response pathways?

Back 12

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 13

what characterizes a sympathetic response?

Back 13

fight or flight
-prepares body for action by
1.raise heart rate
2. increase respiration
3. increased metabolic rate(air passages dilate)
4. slow digestive processes

Front 14

what characterizes a parasympathetic response?

Back 14

vegetative and restful
conserve and restore energy
1. decrease heart rate
2. decrease respiration
3. increase digestion

Front 15

what does the spinal cord link to the rest of the nervous system

Back 15

it links the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

Front 16

what is the structure of the spinal cord?

Back 16

1. small central canal
2. gray matter surrounds canal
- UNMYELINATED AXONS
-cell bodies
-dendrites
-glial cells
c. white matter surrounds gray matter
-MYELINATED AXONS

Front 17

what are some functions of the spinal cord?

Back 17

1. transmit impulses to and from the brain
2. control reflex actions
ex- withdraw reflex-touch a hot pot

Front 18

what is the structure of the brain during embryonic development?

Back 18

1. single tube of tissue
2. anteriorly-> brain
3. posteriorly->spinal cord

Front 19

what are the three main parts of the brain?

Back 19

1. hind brain
2. mid brain
3. fore brain

Front 20

what are the divisions of the hind brain

Back 20

1. myelensephalon
2. metencephalon

Front 21

what is the primary division of the midbrain?

Back 21

mesencephalon

Front 22

what is the primary division of the fore brain

Back 22

1. diencephalon
2. telencephalon

Front 23

where can you find the medulla and what is it's function?

Back 23

hind brain->myelencephalon->medulla
1. controls many life sustaining functions like:
-respiration
-heartbeat
-blood pressure
-swallowing
-coughing
-vomiting

Front 24

where can you find the cerebellum and what is it's function?

Back 24

hind brain->metencephalon->cerebellum
1. coordinates muscle activity
2. size of the cerebellum is correlated with muscle activity

Front 25

where can you find the pons and what is it's function?

Back 25

hind brain->metencephalon->pons
large mass of fibers that sit on top of brain stem
1. connects 2 sides of the cerebellum
2. connects cerebellum and medulla with other regions of the brain
3. respiratory and sleep centers

Front 26

what are the components of the brain stem?

Back 26

1. medulla
2. pons
3. mid brain

Front 27

what is the main function of the mid brain/ mesencephalon

Back 27

carries information between the for and hind brain
--association area

Front 28

what is the responsibility of the mesencephalon?

Back 28

to receive information and send the response to the motor neurons

Front 29

what does the mesencephalon break down into in mammals?

Back 29

1. inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
2. superior colliculi- visual reflexes (pupil contraction)

Front 30

where can i find the thalamus and what is some of it's functions?

Back 30

fore brain->diencephalon->thalamus
1. coordinates sensory input except olfactory
2. relays info to the cerebellum

Front 31

what are the functions of the Reticular activating system in the thalamus?

Back 31

maintains consciousness by surveying incoming stimuli and determines the level of response needed.

Front 32

what happens if your thalamus becomes damaged?

Back 32

coma

Front 33

where can i find the hypothalamus and what are some of it's functions?

Back 33

fore brain->diencephalon->hypothalamus
1. olfactory centers
2. maintain homeostasis
3. receives sensory info via thalamus

Front 34

what are some of the functions that the hypothalamus controls?

Back 34

1. coordinates- heart rate, H2O balance,body temperature
2. controls-hunger, thirst, sex drive, rage

Front 35

what two components of the nervous system does the hypothalamus link?

Back 35

nervous system to the endocrine system

Front 36

where can i find the cerebrum and what are some of it's functions?

Back 36

fore brain->telecephalon->cerebrum
1. convoluted gray mass complex
2. right and left corpus callosum made of band of white matter

Front 37

what is the structure cerebral cortex

Back 37

fore brain->telecephalon->cerebrum->cerebral cortex
1. gray matter cell bodies of dendrites
2. convoluted folds--> solei

Front 38

what are the functions of the cerebral cortex

Back 38

fore brain->telecephalon->cerebrum->cerebral cortex
1. sensory cortex-recieves info from sensory organs
2. motor cortex- responses to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
3. association cortex- links sensory and motor cortex

Front 39

what is the function of the association cortex

Back 39

fore brain->telencephalon->cerebrum->cerebral cortex-> association cortex:
1. thought
2. language
3. memory
4. judgement
5. learning

Front 40

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are their functions?

Back 40

1. temporal-hearing
2. occipital-visual
3. frontal-sensory info, motor and speech
4. parietal- sensory stimuli from skin, learning,language, memory, personality