Biology Evolution Ecology And Biodiversity Lecture

Front 1

What is Phylogeny?

Back 1

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Front 2

What discipline classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships?

Back 2

Systematics

Front 3

What shows evolutionary relationships?

Back 3

Phylogenies

Front 4

What is Taxonomy?

Back 4

ordered division and naming or orgamism

Front 5

Who created the Binomial Nomenclature?

Back 5

Carolus Linnaeus in 18th century.

Front 6

What are the two features of Carolus Linnaeus system that remain useful today?

Back 6

Two-part names for species and hierarchical classification

Front 7

What is the two-part scientific name of a species called?

Back 7

Binomial

Front 8

WHat is the first and second part of Binomial ?

Back 8

Genus and specific epithet.

Front 9

Name all the taxons in order?

Back 9

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 10

What is a taxon?

Back 10

taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

Front 11

Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in?

Back 11

Branching phylogenetic tree

Front 12

What are sister taxa?

Back 12

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Front 13

What does each branch point represent in phylogentic trees?

Back 13

divergence of two species

Front 14

Name three things about Phylogenetic trees what do or do not happen?

Back 14

1) DO show patterns of descent

2) DO NOT indicate when species evolved or how much genetic change occurred in a lineage

3) SHOULD NOT be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it

Front 15

What is phylogenies inferred from?

Back 15

Morphological and molecular data and biochemistry of living organisms.Organismswith similar morphologies or DNAsequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with differentstructures or sequences

Front 16

What is Homology?

Back 16

similarity due to shared ancestry

Front 17

What is Analogy?

Back 17

similarity due to convergent evolution

Front 18

What is Convergent evolution?

Back 18

occurs when similar environmentalpressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous)adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Front 19

Whats an example of homologous and analogous ith bat and bird wings?

Back 19

Bat and bird wings are homologous as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings

Front 20

What is Homoplasies?

Back 20

Analogousstructures or molecular sequences that evolved independently

Front 21

What is INDELs?

Back 21

insertion and deletion when using computer programs to analyze DNA

Front 22

How are analogous structures explained by evolution?

Back 22

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.

Front 23

What are Cladistics?

Back 23

groups organisms by common descent(groups clades of species)

Front 24

Whats a clade?

Back 24

a group of species that includes anancestral species and all its descendants

Front 25

Whats a valid clade?

Back 25

monophylrtic, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Front 26

what is paraphyletic?

Back 26

groupingconsists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Front 27

What is polyphyletic?

Back 27

(worst sin) groupingconsistsof various species that lack a common ancestor

Front 28

What is shared ancestral character?

Back 28

character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.•thefour-limbed condition of mammals and birds is a shared ancestral characteristic

Front 29

What is a shared derived Character?

Back 29

•fur / hair is a shared derived characteristic of mammals( not in reptiles)

Front 30

Can a character be both ancestral and derived?

Back 30

yes•mammalian hair is a shared derived character when comparing reptiles and mammals: the trait was not present in the common ancestor

•mammalian hair is a shared ancestral characteristic when comparing felids (cats) and canids (dogs): the trait was present in the common ancestor

Front 31

whats an outgroup?

Back 31

speciesor group of species that is closely related to the ingroup,the various species being studied

Front 32

What is a molecular clock?

Back 32

usesconstant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time ofevolutionary change

Front 33

what is horizontal gene transfer?

Back 33

the movement of genes from onegenome to another(early in history)

Front 34

Explainmolecular clocks and discuss their limitations?

Back 34

The molecular clock does not run as smoothly as neutral theory predicts Irregularities result from natural selection in which some DNA changes are favoured over others(proteins building block) •estimates of evolutionary divergences older than the fossil record have a high degree of uncertainty •the use of multiple genes improves estimates

Front 35

Definehorizontal gene transfer andexplain how it complicates phylogenetic trees?

Back 35

movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than via vertical transmission.

Horizontal genetransfer complicates efforts to build a tree oflife