Biology - Evolution

Front 1

who stated that organisms change over generations and physical features change with use. [example -- giraffe's neck] AND name two problems with this theory.

Back 1

Jean Lamarck

two problems: 1) change doesn't happen within ine indiv. lifetime
2) change DOESNT directly pass to offspring

Front 2

adaptation

Back 2

fature that has become common in a population because the feature provides a selective advantage

Front 3

Four parts to the Theory of Evolution

Back 3

1) variation exists within the genes of every population
2) in particular environ. some individ. of a population are better suited to survive
3) overtime, traits that made certain indiv of a opo survive spread in that population
4) overwhelming evidence from fossils and many other sources say that living species evolved from extinct organisms

Front 4

2 models of evolution and description

Back 4

1) gradualism - gradual chance over a long period of time leading to species formation
2) punctuated equilibrium - preiods of rapid change in species separated by periods of little or no change (Steven J Gould and Niles Eldredge)

Front 5

homologous structures and vestigal structures

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homologous - structures that share a common ancestry
vestigal - structures that are considered to be evidence of an organisms evolutionary past

Front 6

4 factors in natural selection

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1) all populations have genetic variation
2) there are challenges in the environment -> these affect successful reproduction
3) individuals produce more offspring than the environment can support
4) individuals better able to cope with challenges in environment -> more offspring

Front 7

subspecies/divergence/speciation

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subspecies - overtime populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditions
divergence - accumulation of difference between groups
speciation - process by which new species form

Front 8

6 types of reproductive isolation

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1) geographical isolation
2) ecological isolation
3) temporal isolation
4) behavorial isolation
5) mechanical isolation
6) reproductive failure

Front 9

two examples of natural selection

Back 9

1) TB bacterium - 1 case -- andibiotic resistance from 1 point mutation - resistant strain advantage
2) Darwin's finches - variety of beaks >> respond to food supply - 9 species believed all came from 1 species >>>> 1973 the Grants tracked beak size year to year

Front 10

Charles Darwin -- book title. age when started voyage. how many years on the voyage.

Back 10

On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection. 22. 6 years

Front 11

Malthus' contribution

Back 11

said human population increased faster than the food supply - - competition

Front 12

evolutionary trees

Back 12

attempt to explain the evolutionary patters among animals

Front 13

reproductive isolation

Back 13

condition in which two populations of the same species do not breed with one another because of their geographical separation

Front 14

natural selection / allele frequency

Back 14

survival of the fittest -- natural selection causes the frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase/decrease overtime

Front 15

year Darwin published On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection

Back 15

1859