Biology Ecology-Animal Nutrients

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evolutionary time

Back 1

genetic change among generations

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ecological time

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can occur minute to minute or year to year

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2 categories that affect ranges and abundance of a population

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Biotic factors- living
abiotic factors- non living factors

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dispersal

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movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

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what are some biotic factors that affect distribution of organisms

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interactions with other species, predation, competition

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what are some abiotic factors that affect distribution of organisms

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temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil

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4 components of climate

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temperature, water, sunlight, wind

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climate?

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long term weather conditions in an area

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macro-climate

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patterns on the global, regional, and local level

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micro-climate

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fine patterns such as underneath a fallen log

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what affects global climate patterns

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solar energy, planets movement in space, sunlight intensity, global air circulation and precipitation,

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most heat and light where?

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tropics

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where does warm wet air flow

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from tropics towards poles

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what affects regional climate

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seasons, mountains, topographic features, water, air flow

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what accounts for largest part of biosphere?

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aquatic biomes (fresh and marine)

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what covers 75% of earth?

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oceans (big impact on biosphere)

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aphotic zone?

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not much light

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pelagic

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open water

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photic zone

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light in water

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what is fort collins?

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temperate grassland

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what are animals

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multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

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heterotrophs

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ingest their food

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animal cells lack?

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cell walls

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what holds animals bodies together?

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structural proteins such as collagen

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what tissues are unique to animals

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nervous and muscle

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which stage usually dominates animal life cycles?

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diploid (sexual reproduction usually)

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what happens after fertilization?

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zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage which leads to a blastula

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what does the blastula undergo?

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gastrulation, forming a gastrula w/ different layers of embryonic tissue

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how long animals existed?

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between 675 and 875 million years

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neoproterozoic era?

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1 billion years ago-542 million years ago

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paleozoic era?

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542 mya-251 mya (includes cambrian explosion)

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cambrian explosion?

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535-525 mya - earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals

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Causes of cambrian explosion?

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new predator prey relationships, rise in atmospheric O2, evolution of Hox gene complex

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Mesozoic Era

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251-65.5 mya (coral reefs emerged, housing many new organisms, dinosaurs dominant terrestrial vertebrates, 1st mammals emerged)

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Cenozoic Era

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65.5 mya - present ( beginning of this era followed mass extinction of both terrestrial and marine animals like non flying dinosaurs and marine reptiles) modern mammals and insects diversified in this era

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whats a body plan?

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a set of morphological and developmental traits

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whats a grade?

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a group whose members share key biological features (not necessarily a clade or monophyletic group

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radial symmetry?

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like a flower pot (hydra)

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bilateral symmetry?

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shovel or lobster

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3 germ layers give rise to what 3 tissues and organs?

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Ectoderm (covering surface), endoderm (innermost layer lines digestive tube called archenteron), mesoderm layer

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dipoblastic and tripoblastic?

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dipoblastic have ectoderm and endoderm, tripoblastic have both and mesoderm (include all bilaterians)

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coelomates?

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mesoderm surrounds cavity

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pseudocoelomates?

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mesoderm only on one side of cavity

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acoelomate

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no cavity

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points of agreement between phylogeny's?

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all animals share common ancestor, sponges are basal, eumetozoa have true tissues..

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points of disagreement between phylogeny's?

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the morphology tree divides bilaterians into 2 clades (deuterostomes, protostomes), molecular studies show 3 bilaterian clades, deuterostomes, ecdysozoa, lophotrocozoa

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invertebrates are what % of animals

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95

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sponges are?

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sedentary animals from phyla calcarea and silicia, live in fresh and marine waters, lack true tissue and organs, have specialized cells, cells not bounded by membrane, mostly hermaophrodites

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how do sponges eat?

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suspension feeding, choanocytes generate current and capture suspended food, water is drawn into cavity spongocoel, and out through osculum

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what is mesohyl?

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noncellular cell layer in sponges, between 2 cell layers, hosts amoebocytes which help in digestion and structure

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cnidarians?

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one of oldest groups in clade eumetazoa, sessile and motile. dipoblastic, radial symmetry, has a gastrovascular cavity, sessile polyp and motile medusa

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how do cnidarians eat?

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carnivores, use tentacles, which are armed with cnidocytes that help capture and defend, nematocytes are specialized organelles with the cnidocytes that eject stinging coil

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classes of cnidaria?

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hydrazoa ( marine and freshwater, poly and medusa, corals in colonies, ex: Portuguese man of war, hydras, ovelias, some corals) scyphozoa ( all marine, polyp stage absent or reduced, free swimming ex: jellies and sea nettles) cubozoa ( all marine box shaped complex eyes, potent venom ex: box jellies, sea wasps) anthozoa ( all marine, just polyp most sessile, many colonial ex: sea anamones. most corals and sea fans )

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what are bilaterians?

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have bilateral symmetry and tripblastic development (lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia)

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what is a lophophore?

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crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding

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what do lophotrochozoans include?

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flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, mollusks, annelids

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phylum platyhelminthes?

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live in marine fresh water and damp terrestrial habitats, flatworms, acoelomates, flat, gastrovascular cavity, diffusion, protonephridia regulate osmotic balance

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what is a turbellarian?

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from playhelminthes...turbellaria (ciliated, predators and scavengers, marine and freshwater, freeliving flatworms ex: planaria, have sensitive eyespots, and cetralized nerve nets, hermaphrodites

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what is a monogenean?

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parasite, from platyhelminthes, mostly parasatize fish,

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what is trematode?

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platyhelminthe, parasatize humans and snails 2 hosts flukes

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cestoda?

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platyhelminthes... tapeworm

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what are rotifers?

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phylum rotifera, tiny animals that inhabit fresh water ocean damp soil. multicellular, specialized organ systems, alimentary canal, reproduce by pathenogenisis, no males needed,

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lophophorates ectoprocts and brachipods?

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ectoprocts are colonial animals that superficially resemble plants.. exoskeleton encases the colony some species are reef builders..... brachipods resemble clams and bivalvias but the 2 halves of this shell are dorsal and ventral rather then internal as in clams

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whats an annelid?

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bodies composed of fused rings, 3 classes oligochaeta(earthworms), polychaeta (polychaets) hirudinea ( leeches)

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whats an oligochaete?

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sparse chitae, include earthworms and some aquatic species, hermaphrodites but cross fertilize

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what are molluscs?

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snails slugs oysters clams octopus squids, most are marine some fresh and terrestrial, soft bodies with hard shell, seperate sexes, gonads in visceral mass, larval stage called trochophore

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body plan of molluscs?

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muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle (many have a water filled mantle cavity and radula)

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what are gastropods?

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molluscs, class of mollusca, most are marine some fresh some terrestrial, single shell, slugs lack or have reduced shell, torsion cause anus and mantle to become above head

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what are cephalopods?

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class of molluscs, squids, octopusses, carnivores, with a beak like jaw and tentacles. closed circulatory system sense organs and complex brain

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ecdysozoans?

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covered with a cuticle, which is shed or molted during ecdysis, two largest phyla: nematodes and arthropods

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whats a nematode?

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roundworm, found in aquatic habitats (soil, plants animals) alimentary canal, lack a circulatory system, sexual reproduction

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whats an arthropod?

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2/3 of all animals are arhropods, all habitats, segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, dates back to cambrian explosion ~525 myalittle variation from segment to segment

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arthropod body?

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over time, decrease in segments increase in specialization, modified appendages, body covered by cuticle (chitin) open circulatory system (hemolymph)

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what are 4 subphyla of arthropoda?

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chelicerforms, myriapoda, hexapoda, crustacea

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what are chelicerforms?

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named for claw like chelcerae, earliest ones were water scorpions (eurypterids) most marine are extinct some arent like horseshoe crab

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what are arachnids?

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make up most of modern chelicerforms, (spiders scorpions, ticks, mites) abdomen and cephalothorax, 6 pairs of appendages, most anterior are chelicerae, book lungs, silk

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whats a myriapod?

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millipedes and centipedes, terrestrial have mandibles

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millipedes?

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class diplopoda, many legs (2 pairs per segment)

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centipedes

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class chilopoda carnivores.. 1 pair leg per segment

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Insects?

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subphyla hexapoda. more species hen all other forms of life combined. all habitats and fresh water

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how have insects diversified?

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flight, feeding on gymnosperms, and after expansion of angiosperms. diversity declined during cretaceous extinction, increasing since,

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whats metamorphosis?

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many insects go through it, incomplete metamorphosis is when the young resemble adults but are smaller and molt until full size. complete have larval stages (maggot grub) looks entirely different then adult stage

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insect reproduction

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seperate males and females, reproduce sexually, recognized by color sounds odors, some are beneficial polinators others transmit disease..30 orders

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whats a crustacean?

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marine and fresh water, branched appendages for feeding and locomotion, separate males and females

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whats an isopod?

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a crustacean that lives in fresh marine and terrestrial areas. (pill bugs)

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decapod?

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large crustaceans that include lobster crabs crayfish and shrimp

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what are deuterostomes?

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chordates and echinoderms. shared characteristics - radial cleavage, formation of mouth at end of the embryo opposite the blastula.

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whats an echinoderm?

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sea stars for example...slow moving or sessile marine animals. thin epidermis over hard endoskeleton. water vascular system (canals that branch to tube feet that help in locomotion and feeding and gas exchange, separate males and females sexual reproduction

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classes of echinoderms?

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asteroidea (sea stars) ophiuroidea (brittle stars) echinodea (sea urchins sand dollars) crinoidea (sea lilies) holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) concentriclcloidea (sea daises)

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whats a vertebrate?

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name from vertebrae, series of bones make up back bone, 52000 species of vertebrates, great disparity

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what are chordates

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vertebrates are subphyla within chordates, chordates are bilaterian animals belong to clade deuterostomia

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what 2 groups make up invertebrate deuterostomes?

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urochordates and cephalochordates. closely related to vertebrates not to other invertebrates

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characteristics of chordates?

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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail

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whats a notochord?

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a longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. provides skeletal support throughout the length of the chordate. in most vertebrates a more complex skeleton develops.

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whats a vertebrate?

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name from vertebrae, series of bones make up back bone, 52000 species of vertebrates, great disparity

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whats a dorsal hollow nerve chord?

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develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to notochord. then develops into th central nervous system brain and spinal cord

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what are chordates

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vertebrates are subphyla within chordates, chordates are bilaterian animals belong to clade deuterostomia

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pharyngeal slits or clefts?

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develop in to slits that open to outside of body/ functions- suspension feeding in many invertebrate chordates, gas exchange in vertebrates, parts of the ear head and neck in tetrapods

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what 2 groups make up invertebrate deuterostomes?

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urochordates and cephalochordates. closely related to vertebrates not to other invertebrates

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whats a lancelet?

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from cephalochordata; names for blade like shape. marine suspension feeders retain chordate body plan as adults

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characteristics of chordates?

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notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post anal tail

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tunictes?

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from urochordata; marine suspension feeders called sea squirts. draws in water through an incurrent siphon filtering food

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whats a notochord?

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a longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. provides skeletal support throughout the length of the chordate. in most vertebrates a more complex skeleton develops.

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whats a dorsal hollow nerve chord?

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develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to notochord. then develops into th central nervous system brain and spinal cord

Front 105

what are craniates?

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some characteristics- skull brain eyes and sensory organs. 2 clusters of hox genes have a neural crest (collection of cells near dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo) the crests give rise to a variety of structures (bones and cartilage)

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pharyngeal slits or clefts?

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develop in to slits that open to outside of body/ functions- suspension feeding in many invertebrate chordates, gas exchange in vertebrates, parts of the ear head and neck in tetrapods

Front 107

whats a lancelet?

Back 107

from cephalochordata; names for blade like shape. marine suspension feeders retain chordate body plan as adults

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tunictes?

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from urochordata; marine suspension feeders called sea squirts. draws in water through an incurrent siphon filtering food

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what are craniates?

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some characteristics- skull brain eyes and sensory organs. 2 clusters of hox genes have a neural crest (collection of cells near dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo) the crests give rise to a variety of structures (bones and cartilage)

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hagfish ?

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myxini- cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage lack jaws and vertebrae

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characteristics of vertebrates?

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vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord, elaborate skull, fin rays in aquatic forms

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whats a lamprey?

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oldest lineage of vertebrates, jawless vertebrates various habitats

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gnathostomes?

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jawed vertebrates - jaws that might have evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits

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characteristics of gnathosomes?

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additional duplication of hox genes, enlarged forebrain (smell and vision), lateral line system(in aquatic, sensitive to vibrations)

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what are chondrichthyans?

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sharks rays... skeleton composed mainly of cartilage...

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what do sharks have going on

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streamlined body swift swimmers,carnivores, short digestive tract, spiral valve (increases surface area) acute senses

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ray finned fishes and lobe fins

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osteichthyes, (bony fish and tetrapods) bony endoskeleton, FISHES, draw water over gills protected by operculum

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ray finned?

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class actinopterygii, modified for maneuvering defense and other functions

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lobe fins?

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have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins, 3 lineages.... coalacanths, lungfishes and tetrapods

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what are tetrapods?

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formed when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into limbs and feet (have 4 limbs and feet w/ digits) ears for detecting airborne sounds

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what are amphibians?

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moist skin that complements lungs for gas exchange. eggs require moist environment.

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what are amniotes?

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group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, birds and mammals (named for the major derived amniotic egg

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whats an amniotic egg?

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contains membranes that protect the embryo include amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois. amniotes have terrestrial adaptations (impermeable skin and rib cage to ventilate lungs)

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what are reptiles?

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includes tuataras lizards snakes turtles crocodilians birds and extinct dinosaus. scales. shelled eggs on land, ectothermic (except birds)

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origin of reptiles ?

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310 million yrs ago. 1st major group were parareptiles then diaspids were diversifying (2 lineages... lepidosaurs (lizards snakes) and archosaurs (crocodiles pterosaurs and dinosaurs)) asteroid blast

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turtles?

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boxlike shell fused to vertebrate clavicles and ribs.

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birds modification?

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adaptation to flight... wings w/ keratin feathers, lack of urinary bladder females one ovary small gonada loss of teeth

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origin of birds?

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descended from small theropods then evolved with feathers into birds

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Living birds?

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clade neornithes... several are flightless. penguins ducks etc..

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mammals

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have mammary glands, hair, larger rain then other vertebrates, differentiated teeth

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3 lineages of mammals?

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monotremes, marsupials, eutherians...no significant adaptation until after cretaceous

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monotremes?

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small group of egg laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

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whats a marsupial?

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opossums, kangaroos and koalas. embryo develops within a placenta in moms uterus, born early in development .

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WHATS A eutherian?

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longer period of pregnancy then marsupials. complete embryonic development within a uterus joined to mother by placenta

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WHATS A PRIMATE?

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first monkeys in old world africa and asia. appeared in new world south america 25 mya.

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Apes?

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gibbons orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans

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whats a human

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upright bipedal locomotion, large brains, language capabilities and symbolic thought, complex tool use, short jaw, shorter digestive tract

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what a hominin?

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study of human origins is paleoanthropology.hominins closer to humans then chimps. they arent chimps

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4 tissues?

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epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

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4 ways to lose/gain heat?

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convection, radiation, conduction and evaporation

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basal metabolic rate?

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metabolic rate of an endotherm

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standard metabolic rate?

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metabolic rate of an ectotherm

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lowest metabolic rate?

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ectotherms have lower rates

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size and metabolic rate

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metabolic rate per gram is inveresly related to body size

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torpor ?

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low activity and decrease in metabolism (save energy and avoid difficult conditions)

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hibernation?

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long term torpor (winter cold or scarce food )