Biology- Ecology

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ecology

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the study of the relationships between organisms and between organisms and their physical environment

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Population

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all of the same species in a given area

ex: water lilies in a pond

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Community

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all different species in an area

ex: plants animal, and microorganism make up a pond community

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Ecosystem

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all the members of a community plus the physical environment in which they live. The living and non- living parts of the ecosystem function together

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Biosphere

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portion of the earth where living things exist

ex: water or soil or air (or all)

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Abiotic VS. Biotic

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abiotic- non living
biotic- living

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Abiotic

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The abiotic of the environment are physical factors that create the reproduction of organisms.

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The abiotic factors:

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They sustain the lives and reproduction cycles of organisms:
1- intensity of light
2- temperature range
3- amount of water
4- type of soil
5- availibility of minerals and other inorganic minerals.
6- supply of gases including carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen
7- pH (acidity & alkilinity)

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Biotic factors:

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the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment.

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Nutritional Relationship

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involve the transfer of nutrients from one organism to another within the ecosystem

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Autotroph

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are organisms that can use energy from the environment that can synthesize there own food from inorganic compounds. Most autotrophs are photosynthetic

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Heterotrophs

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They cannot synthesize there own food and must obtain nutrients from other organisms.

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Saprophytes

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there organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms.

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Herbivores

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are animals such as a deer that feed on plants

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Omnivores

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animals that consume plants and animals

ex: HUMANS

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Symbiotic relationships

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different kinds of organisms sometimes lives together in a close association. It may or may not benefit to the organisms involved

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Commensalism

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(+) (0)

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Mutualism

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(+) (+)

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Parasitism

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(+) (-)

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Food Chains

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transfers energy form green plants through a series of organisms.
Eating --> being eaten = food chain

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Producers

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green plants and other autotrophs are the producers.
All the energy for a community comes from the organic compounds synthesized by the producers

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Consumers

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all the heterotrophic organisms are the consumers. They need obtain energy from the food they eat.

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Primary Consumers

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animals that feed on the green plants are called the primary consumers/ herbivores

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Secondary Consumers

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animals that feed on the primary consumers are secondary consumers/ (meat eaters ONLY)

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Omnivores

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can either be primary or secondary consumers

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Decomposers

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Saprophytes. ORganisms that break down the remains of dead organisms and organic wastes. They return remains of plants and animals to the environment where other living organisms cna use them. Most are bacteria and fungi.

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Food webs

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most organisms eat more than one species and may be eaten by more than one species. Thus the food chain are interconnected where they eat each other and can be eaten by more than one

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Cycles of Materials

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various materials are recycled between the organisms and the abiotic environment which allowed the materials to be used over and over again

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Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen cycles

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The processes of Respiration and photosynthesis are recycled through the environment.

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Water Cycle

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Water on the earths surface changes to gas by the process known as evaporation --> enters the atmosphere as water vapor --> as a result of condensation the water vapor is returned to liquid state and falls down to the earth known as precipitation (rain)

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Nitrogen Cycle

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Protein --> we eat protein (animal protein) --> they die --> decomposers (bacteria fungi)--> dead --> ammonia passed on nitrifying bacteria turns ammonia into nitrate -----> NO3 --> N2(bad guys) --> nitrogen fixing (save the day) N2 --> NO3

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succession

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the replacement of one community by another.